{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:32:30Z","timestamp":1793428350083,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Radiation Research Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous publications describe the estimation of the dose from ionizing radiation to the whole lens or parts of it but have not considered other eye tissues that are implicated in cataract development; this is especially critical for low-dose, low-ionizing-density exposures. A recent review of the biological mechanisms of radiation-induced cataracts showed that lenticular oxidative stress can be increased by inflammation and vascular damage to non-lens tissues in the eye. Also, the radiation oxygen effect indicates different radiosensitivities for the vascular retina and the severely hypoxic lens. Therefore, this study uses the Monte Carlo N-Particle simulations to quantify dose conversion coefficients for several eye tissues for incident antero-posterior exposure to electrons, photons, and neutrons (and the tertiary electron component of neutron exposure). A stylized, multi-tissue eye model was developed by modifying a model by Behrens et al. (2009) to include the retina, uvea, sclera, and lens epithelial cell populations. Electron exposures were simulated as a single eye, whereas photon and neutron exposures were simulated employing two eyes embedded in the ADAM-EVA phantom. For electrons and photons, dose conversion coefficients are highest for either anterior tissues for low-energy incident particles or posterior tissues for high-energy incident particles. Neutron dose conversion coefficients generally increase with increasing incident energy for all tissues. The ratio of the absorbed dose delivered to each tissue to the absorbed dose delivered to the whole lens demonstrated the considerable deviation of non-lens tissue doses from lens doses, depending on particle type and its energy. These simulations demonstrate that there are large variations in the dose to various ocular tissues depending on the incident radiation dose coefficients; this large variation will potentially impact cataract development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1667\/rade-23-00023.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T10:46:55Z","timestamp":1688640415000},"page":"162-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Electron, Photon, and Neutron Dose Conversion Coefficients of Lens and Non-Lens Tissues Using a Multi-Tissue Eye Model to Assess Risk of Cataracts and Retinitis"],"prefix":"10.1667","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Fawaz","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1243","reference":[{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RB Richardson  and ME Harper  \"Oncotarget.\"  7, \"Mitochondrial stress controls the radiosensitivity of the oxygen effect: Implications for radiotherapy.\" 21469 (2016)","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7412"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"XW Mao, M Boerma, D Rodriguez, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  190, \"Acute effect of low-dose space radiation on mouse retina and retinal endothelial cells.\" 45 (2018)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14977.1"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Nakashima, K Neriishi, A Minamoto,  \"Health Phys.\"  90, \"A reanalysis of atomic-bomb cataract data, 2000\u20132002: a threshold analysis.\" 154 (2006)","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000175442.03596.63"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Neriishi, E Nakashima, A Minamoto, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  168, \"Postoperative cataract cases among atomic bomb survivors: radiation dose response and threshold.\" 404 (2007)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0928.1"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BV Worgul, YI Kundiyev, NM Sergiyenko, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  167, \"Cataracts among Chernobyl clean-up workers: implications regarding permissible eye exposures.\" 233 (2007)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0298.1"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Lee, D Lodwick, J Hurtado, et al.  \"Phys Med Biol.\"  55, \"The UF family of reference hybrid phantoms for computational radiation dosimetry.\" 339 (2010)","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/2\/002"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RB. Richardson,  \"Aging (Albany NY).\"  1, \"Ionizing radiation and aging: rejuvenating an old idea.\" 887 (2009)","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100081"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Hamada, Y Fujimichi, T Iwasaki, et al.  \"J Radiat Res.\"  55, \"Emerging issues in radiogenic cataracts and cardiovascular disease.\" 831 (2014)","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rru036"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KN Loganovsky, D Marazziti, PA Fedirko, et al.  \"Life (Basel).\"  10, \"Radiation-induced cerebro-ophthalmic effects in humans.\" 41 (2020)","DOI":"10.3390\/life10040041"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LW Brady  and TE Yaeger  \"Age-related macular degeneration.\"  \"Radiation effects on the eye.\" (2001)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56439-0_11"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GR. Merriam,  \"AMA Arch Ophthalmol.\"  53, \"Late effects of beta radiation on the eye.\" 708 (1955)","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1955.00930010716016"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"GR Merriam  and EF Focht  \"Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med.\"  77, \"A clinical study of radiation cataracts and the relationship to dose.\" 759 (1957)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GR Merriam, BJ Biavati, JL Bateman, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  25, \"The dependence of RBE on the energy of fast neutrons: IV. Induction of lens opacities in mice.\" 123 (1965)","DOI":"10.2307\/3571899"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Hamada, TV Azizova, MP Little,  \"Br J Radiol.\"  \"An update on effects of ionizing radiation exposure on the eye.\" 20190829 (2019)","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190829"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Hayashi, Y Kusunoki, M Hakoda, et al.  \"Int J Radiat Biol.\"  79, \"Radiation dose-dependent increases in inflammatory response markers in A-bomb survivors.\" 129 (2003)","DOI":"10.1080\/0955300021000038662"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Neriishi, E Nakashima, M Akahoshi, et al.  \"Radiol.\"  265, \"Radiation dose and cataract surgery incidence in atomic bomb survivors, 1986\u20132005.\" 167 (2012)","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12111947"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"\"Ann ICRP.\"  21, \"Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.\" 1 (1990)"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GR Merriam, A Szechter, EF Focht,  \"Front Radiation Ther Onc.\"  6, \"The effects of ionizing radiations on the eye.\" 346 (1972)","DOI":"10.1159\/000392817"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Shore, K Neriishi, E Nakashima,  \"Radiat Res.\"  174, \"Epidemiological studies of cataract risk at low to moderate radiation doses: (not) seeing is believing.\" 889 (2010)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1884.1"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FA Stewart, AV Akleyev, M Hauer-Jensen, et al.  \"Ann ICRP.\"  41, \"ICRP publication 118: ICRP statement on tissue reactions and early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs\u2014threshold doses for tissue reactions in a radiation protection context.\" 1 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2012.02.001"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Behrens, G Dietze, M Zankl,  \"Phys Med Biol.\"  54, \"Dose conversion coefficients for electron exposure of the human eye lens.\" 4069 (2009)","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/13\/008"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Behrens  and G Dietze  \"Phys Med Biol.\"  56, \"Dose conversion coefficients for photon exposure of the human eye lens.\" 415 (2011)","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/2\/009"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RP Manger, MB Bellamy, KF Eckerman,  \"Radiat Prot Dosim.\"  148, \"Dose conversion coefficients for neutron exposure to the lens of the human eye.\" 507 (2012)","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncr202"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Nogueira, M Zankl, H Schlattl, et al.  \"Phys Med Biol.\"  56, \"Dose conversion coefficients for monoenergetic electrons incident on a realistic human eye model with different lens cell populations.\" 6919 (2011)","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/21\/010"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"\"Biological effects and exposure limits for hot particles. NCRP Report No. 130.\"  (1999)"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"BV. Worgul,  \"The Edward S Harkness Eye Institute resident's basic science study guide.\"  (1991)"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"GR Merriam  and BV Worgul  \"Bull N Y Acad Med.\"  59, \"Experimental radiation cataract\u2014its clinical relevance.\" 372 (1983)"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RB. Richardson,  \"Exp Eye Res.\"  2022, \"The role of oxygen and the Goldilocks range in the development of cataracts induced by space radiation in US astronauts.\" 109192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109192"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. West,  \"Ophthalmic Epidemiol.\"  14, \"Epidemiology of cataract: accomplishments over 25 years and future directions.\" 173 (2007)","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580701423151"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JR Chang, E Koo, E Agr\u00f3n, et al.  \"Ophthalmol.\"  118, \"Risk factors associated with incident cataracts and cataract surgery in the Age-related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): AREDS report number 32.\" 2113 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.03.032"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RB Richardson, EA Ainsbury, CR Prescott, et al.  \"Int J Radiat Biol.\"  96, \"Etiology of posterior subcapsular cataracts based on a review of risk factors including aging, diabetes, and ionizing radiation.\" 1339 (2020)","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2020.1812759"},{"key":"29","unstructured":"S Jacob, M Michel, AP Br\u00e9zin, et al.  \"J Clin Exp Ophthalmol.\"  S1-005, \"Ionizing radiation as a risk factor for cataract: what about low-dose effects?\" 1 (2012)"},{"key":"30","unstructured":"H Helbig, JP Hinz, U Kellner, et al.  \"Ger J Ophthalmol.\"  2, \"Oxygen in the anterior chamber of the human eye.\" 161 (1993)"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FJ Giblin, PA Quiram, VR Leverenz, et al.  \"Exp Eye Res.\"  88, \"Enzyme-induced posterior vitreous detachment in the rat produces increased lens nuclear pO2 levels.\" 286 (2009)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.09.003"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DC Beebe, YB Shui, CJ Siegfried, et al.  \"Jpn J Ophthalmol.\"  58, \"Preserve the (intraocular) environment: the importance of maintaining normal oxygen gradients in the eye.\" 225 (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-014-0318-4"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Rose, H Krema, P Durairaj, et al.  \"Acta Ophthalmol.\"  96, \"Retinal perfusion changes in radiation retinopathy.\" e727 (2018)","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13797"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Fujiwara, Y Ikeda, Y Murakami, et al.  \"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\"  58, \"Risk factors for posterior subcapsular cataract in retinitis pigmentosa.\" 2534 (2017)","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21612"},{"key":"35","unstructured":"\"MCNP\u00ae User's Manual Code Version 6.2. Manual Rev. 0.\"  (2017)"},{"key":"36","unstructured":"\"MCNP\/MCNPX Visual Editor Computer Code Manual.\"  (2011)"},{"key":"37","unstructured":"\"Compendium of Material Composition Data for Radiation Transport Modeling Revision 1. PIET-43741-TM-963, PNNL-15870 Rev. 1.\"  (2011)"},{"key":"38","unstructured":"\"LANL Report LA-UR-13-21822.\"  (2014)"},{"key":"39","unstructured":"\"XCOM: Photon Cross Sections Database.\"  (2010)"},{"key":"40","unstructured":"\"Q-value Calculator (QCalc).\""},{"key":"41","unstructured":"\"Stopping-Power and Range Tables for Protons.\"  (2017)"},{"key":"42","unstructured":"\"Evaluated Nuclear Data File Database.\"  (2022)"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DF Rolfe, AJ Hulbert, MD Brand,  \"Biochim Biophys Acta.\"  1188, \"Characteristics of mitochondrial proton leak and control of oxidative phosphorylation in the major oxygen-consuming tissues of the rat.\" 405 (1994)","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(94)90062-0"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AM Nguyen  and NA Rao  \"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect.\"  1, \"Oxidative photoreceptor cell damage in autoimmune uveitis.\" 7 (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/s12348-010-0007-5"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WA da Silveira, H Fazelinia, SB Rosenthal, et al.  \"Cell.\"  183, \"Comprehensive multi-omics analysis reveals mitochondrial stress as a central biological hub for spaceflight impact.\" 1185 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.002"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DC Beebe, NM Holekamp, YB Shui,  \"Ophthalmic Res.\"  44, \"Oxidative damage and the prevention of age-related cataracts.\" 155 (2010)","DOI":"10.1159\/000316481"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NM Holekamp, YB Shui, D Beebe,  \"Am J Ophthalmol.\"  141, \"Lower intraocular oxygen tension in diabetic patients: possible contribution to decreased incidence of nuclear sclerotic cataract.\" 1027 (2006)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.01.016"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Hayashi, Y Kusunoki, M Hakoda, et al.  \"Int J Rad Biol.\"  79, \"Radiation dose-dependent increases in inflammatory response markers in A-bomb survivors.\" 129 (2003)","DOI":"10.1080\/0955300021000038662"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HK Eltzschig, DL Bratton, SP Colgan,  \"Nat Rev Drug Discov.\"  13, \"Targeting hypoxia signalling for the treatment of ischaemic and inflammatory diseases.\" 852 (2014)","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4422"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\"Ann ICRP.\"  26, \"Conversion Coefficients for use in Radiological Protection against External Radiation.\" 1 (1996)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6453(00)89195-2"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\"Ann ICRP.\"  40, \"Conversion Coefficients for Radiological Protection Quantities for External Radiation Exposures.\" 1 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2011.10.001"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\"Ann ICRP.\"  41, \"Compendium of Dose Coefficients based on ICRP Publicaiton 60.\" 1 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2012.06.038"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Paliwal  and D Tewatia  \"J Med Phys.\"  34, \"Advances in radiation therapy dosimetry.\" 108 (2009)","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6203.54842"},{"key":"57","unstructured":"\"National Dosimetry Services (NDS) products.\"  (2020)"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Dubeau, J Sun, S Djeffal, et al.  \"J Radiol Prot.\"  42, \"Current status of eye-lens dosimetry in Canada.\" 011520 (2022)","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ac34a1"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Gualdrini, P Ferrari, R Tanner,  \"Radiat Prot Dosim.\"  157, \"Fluence to Hp(3) conversion coefficients for neutrons from thermal to 15 MeV.\" 278 (2013)","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nct126"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I Clairand, R Behrens, M Brodecki, et al.  \"Radiat Prot Dosim.\"  182, \"EURADOS 2016 Intercomparison Exercise of Eye Lens Dosemeters.\" 317 (2018)","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncy067"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Dubeau, J Sun, N Leroux, et al.  \"Radiat Meas.\"  140, \"A study on the use of modified extremity dosemeters for the measurement of Hp(3,\u03b1).\" 106491 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2020.106491"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Hatami, M Bagheri, F Falahati, et al.  \"MethodsX.\"  7, \"Estimating the whole-body effective dose and health risks as well as introducing a new easy method for eye lens dosimetry in interventional cardiology procedures.\" 101097 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2020.101097"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Miyaji, K Miwa, T Iimori, et al.  \"J Appl Clin Med Phys.\"  23, \"Determination of a reliable assessment for occupational eye lens dose in nuclear medicine.\" 1 (2022)","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13713"},{"key":"64","unstructured":"BRL Siebert  and H Schuhmacher  \"Radiat Prot Dosim.\"  58, \"Quality factors, ambient and personal dose equivalent for neutrons, based on the new ICRU stopping power data for protons and alpha particles.\" 177 (1995)"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D El Basha, T Furuta, S S R Iyer, et al.  \"Phys Med Biol.\"  63, \"A scalable and deformable stylized model of the adult human eye for radiation dose assessment.\" 105017 (2018)","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aab955"},{"key":"66","unstructured":"\"An MCNP Primer.\"  (2011)"}],"container-title":["Radiation Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/radiation-research\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1667\/RADE-23-00023.1\/3235173\/10.1667_rade-23-00023.1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/radiation-research\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1667\/RADE-23-00023.1\/3235173\/10.1667_rade-23-00023.1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:51:01Z","timestamp":1793425861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/radiation-research\/volume-200\/issue-2\/RADE-23-00023.1\/Electron-Photon-and-Neutron-Dose-Conversion-Coefficients-of-Lens-and\/10.1667\/RADE-23-00023.1.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/rade-23-00023.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-7587","1938-5404"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-5404","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]}}}