{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:56:59Z","timestamp":1791244619232,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Radiation Research Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study examined the effects of whole-body carbon-ion-beam irradiation on bone marrow death in mice and investigated whether compounds\/materials, which were identified as efficient radio-protectors or mitigators against X-ray-radiation-induced bone marrow death, were also effective against the carbon-ion-beam-induced death of mice. Amifostine and cysteamine were used as radio-protectors and zinc-containing heat-killed yeast (Zn-yeast) and \u03b3-tocopherol-N,N-dimethylglycine ester (\u03b3TDMG) as radio-mitigators. Amifostine or cysteamine was intraperitoneally administered in a single injection of 1.95 mmol\/kg body weight 30 min before whole-body carbon-ion-beam irradiation. Zn-yeast or \u03b3TDMG was administered in a single intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg\/kg body weight immediately after whole-body carbon-ion-beam irradiation. The absorbed dose dependence of the 30-day survival rate after carbon-ion-beam irradiation was analyzed. The biological effectiveness of carbon-ion-beam irradiation (LD50\/30 = 5.54 Gy) was estimated as 1.2 relative to X-ray irradiation (LD50\/30 = 6.62 Gy). The dose reduction factors (DRF) of amifostine, cysteamine, Zn-yeast, and \u03b3TDMG estimated for carbon-ion-beam irradiation were 1.75, 1.53, 1.16, and 1.15, respectively. Radioprotectors and -mitigators that were effective against photon irradiation also exhibited efficacy against carbon-ion-beam irradiation; however, the DRF for carbon-ion-beam irradiation was slightly smaller than that for photon irradiation. Based on the radio-protective effects of amifostine and cysteamine, the contribution of ROS\/free radicals to carbon-ion-beam-induced bone marrow death was 70\u201390% to that of photon irradiation. Since the suppression of tumor growth by carbon-ion-beamirradiation was not inhibited by the treatment with \u03b3TDMG or Zn-yeast, both mitigators have potential as normal tissue-selective protectors in carbon-ion irradiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1667\/rade-23-00253.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T19:01:32Z","timestamp":1739300492000},"page":"246-256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Whole-Body Carbon-Ion Beam Irradiation on Bone Marrow Death in Mice and an Examination of Candidates for Protectors or Mitigators against Carbon-Ion-Beam-Induced Bone Marrow Death"],"prefix":"10.1667","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"Megumi","family":"Ueno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, Institute of Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Setoguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhisa","family":"Matsunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken-ichiro","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, Institute of Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiro","family":"Takata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Anzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, Institute of Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1243","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Aoki, H Ishikawa, M Nakajima, et al.  \"Cancers.\"  16, \"Safety and efficacy of single-fraction carbon-ion radiotherapy for early-stage lung cancer with interstitial pneumonia.\" 562 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Yuhas,  \"Radiat Res.\"  44, \"Biological factors affecting the radioprotective efficiency of S-2-[3-aminopropylamino] ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721). LD50(30) doses.\" 621 (1970)","DOI":"10.2307\/3573143"},{"key":"36","unstructured":"H M\u00f6nig, H Sedlmeier, O Messerschmidt,  \"Strahlenther Onkol.\"  162, \"The influence of the solvent on the toxicity and radioprotective effect of thiophosphate WR2721 in mice.\" 134 (1986)"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Fedorocko, P Brez\u00e1ni, NO Mackov\u00e1,  \"Int J Immunopharmacol.\"  16, \"Radioprotective effects of WR-2721, Broncho-Vaxom and their combinations: survival, myelopoietic restoration and induction of colony-stimulating activity in mice.\" 177 (1994)","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(94)90074-4"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ML Patchen, TJ MacVittie, LM Souza,  \"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.\"  22, \"Postirradiation treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and preirradiation WR-2721 administration synergize to enhance hemopoietic reconstitution and increase survival.\" 773 (1992)","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(92)90522-J"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JF Weiss, RL Hoover, KS Kumar,  \"Free Radic Res Commun.\"  3, \"Selenium pretreatment enhances the radioprotective effect and reduces the lethal toxicity of WR-2721.\" 33 (1987)","DOI":"10.3109\/10715768709069767"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Oiry, JY Pue, JL Imbach, et al.  \"J Med Chem.\"  29, \"Synthesis and radioprotective activity of new cysteamine and cystamine derivatives.\" 2217 (1986)","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00161a015"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JS Rasey, NJ Nelson, P Mahler, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  97, \"Radioprotection of normal tissues against gamma rays and cyclotron neutrons with WR-2721: LD50 studies and 35S-WR-2721 biodistribution.\" 598 (1984)","DOI":"10.2307\/3576151"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CP Sigdestad, AM Connor, CS Sims,  \"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.\"  22, \"Modification of neutron-induced hematopoietic effects by chemical radioprotectors.\" 807 (1992)","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(92)90529-Q"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AT Hasegawa  and HD Landahl  \"Radiat Res.\"  44, \"Dose reduction factor for radiation lethality in mice as a function of the dose of mercaptoethylamine.\" 738 (1970)","DOI":"10.2307\/3573153"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. 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Yuhas,  \"Cancer Res.\"  40, \"Active versus passive absorption kinetics as the basis for selective protection of normal tissues by S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid.\" 1519 (1980)"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DJ Grdina, JS Murley, Y Kataoka, et al.  \"Mil Med.\"  167, \"Relationships between cytoprotection and mutation prevention by WR-1065.\" 51 (2002)","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/167.suppl_1.51"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Matsumoto, M Ueno, Y Shoji, et al.  \"Molecules.\"  27, \"Estimation of the local concentration of the markedly dense hydroxyl radical generation induced by X-rays in water.\" 592 (2022)","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030592"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VK Singh, S Kulkarni, OO Fatanmi, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  185, \"Radioprotective efficacy of gamma-tocotrienol in nonhuman primates.\" 285 (2016)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14127.1"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Hirayama, A Uzawa, N Takase, et al.  \"Mutat Res.\"  756, \"Evaluation of SCCVII tumor cell survival in clamped and non-clamped solid tumors exposed to carbon-ion beams in comparison to X-rays.\" 146 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2013.05.008"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Ushigome, N Shikazono, K Fujii, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  177, \"Yield of single- and double-strand breaks and nucleobase lesions in fully hydrated plasmid DNA films irradiated with high-LET charged particles.\" 614 (2012)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2701.1"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Citrin, AP Cotrim, F Hyodo, et al.  \"Oncologist.\"  15, \"Radioprotectors and mitigators of radiation-induced normal tissue injury.\" 360 (2010)","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2009-S104"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Hirayama, Y Furusawa, T Fukawa, et al.  \"J Radiat Res.\"  46, \"Repair kinetics of DNA-DSB induced by X-rays or carbon ions under oxic and hypoxic conditions.\" 325 (2005)","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.46.325"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Matsumoto, M Ueno, I Nakanishi, et al.  \"Chem Pharm Bull.\"  63, \"Density of hydroxyl radicals generated in an aqueous solution by irradiating carbon-ion beam.\" 195 (2015)","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.c14-00736"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HP Indo, O Inanami, T Koumura, et al.  \"Free Radic Res.\"  46, \"Roles of mitochondria-generated reactive oxygen species on X-ray-induced apoptosis in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HLE.\" 1029 (2012)","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2012.698012"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ML Patchen, TJ MacVittie, WE Jackson,  \"Radiat Res.\"  117, \"Postirradiation glucan administration enhances the radioprotective effects of WR-2721.\" 59 (1989)","DOI":"10.2307\/3577277"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Cook, S Naz, MR Anver, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  189, \"Cancer incidence in C3H mice protected from lethal total-body radiation after amifostine.\" 490 (2018)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14987.1"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SJ Dixon, KM Lemberg, MR Lamprecht, et al.  \"Cell.\"  149, \"Ferroptosis: an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death.\" 1060 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.042"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Anzai, N Ikota, M Ueno, et al.  \"J Radiat Res.\"  49, \"Heat-treated mineral-yeast as a potent post-irradiation radioprotector.\" 425 (2008)","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.07127"}],"container-title":["Radiation Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/radiation-research\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1667\/RADE-23-00253.1\/3486274\/10.1667_rade-23-00253.1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/radiation-research\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1667\/RADE-23-00253.1\/3486274\/10.1667_rade-23-00253.1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:34:50Z","timestamp":1791243290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/radiation-research\/volume-203\/issue-4\/RADE-23-00253.1\/Effects-of-Whole-Body-Carbon-Ion-Beam-Irradiation-on-Bone\/10.1667\/RADE-23-00253.1.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/rade-23-00253.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-7587","1938-5404"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-5404","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]}}}