{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:57:45Z","timestamp":1791244665110,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Radiation Research Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ionizing radiation is a human carcinogen and has been shown to increase the risk of non-cancerous ocular disorders. Specifically, findings from epidemiological studies suggest that ionizing radiation leads to the development of cataracts and to a lesser extent glaucoma, however, there are uncertainties of these risks at lower exposures. We analyzed data from a cohort of 60,874 Ontario Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) workers within the Canadian National Dose Registry (NDR). These workers were monitored for whole-body exposure to ionizing radiation using dosimeters, with exposure estimates derived for each year of employment. Incident cases of surgically removed cataracts and glaucoma were identified through the record linkage of occupational histories to administrative health data for Ontario between 1991 and 2022. We compared the incidence of surgically removed cataracts and glaucoma in the cohort to Ontario's general population using indirect age- and sex-standardization with matching by place of residence. We evaluated exposure-response relationships with internal cohort comparisons using age-, sex-, and calendar-period-adjusted Poisson regression. The relative risks of cataract and glaucoma were estimated across categorical measures of whole-body dose [Hp(10)] from exposure to radiation (lagged 5 years). In total, 32,855 of the 60,874 workers (58%) had a positive cumulative dose exceeding the minimum reportable threshold. Among these workers, the mean cumulative whole-body lifetime dose at end of follow-up was 23.7 mSv (interquartile range: 1.1\u201326.4 mSv, maximum = 959.3 mSv). Overall, 4,401 (7.2%) of workers developed glaucoma, while 2,939 (4.8%) underwent cataract-removal surgery. There was no evidence of a dose-response relationship between cumulative whole-body dose ionizing radiation (lagged 5 years) and glaucoma, but some for surgically removed cataracts. Specifically, among workers with a cumulative exposure of greater than 50 mSv relative to those with an exposure of less than 0.25 mSv, the relative risks of incident glaucoma and cataract removal surgery were 0.91 (95% CI: 0.81\u20131.05) and 1.13 (95% CI: 0.97\u20131.33), respectively. The linear excess risks per 100 mSv (lagged 5 years) for cataract removal surgery was 0.055 (95% CI: \u20130.042 to 0.163). Our findings provide some evidence that ionizing radiation increases the risk of cataracts but not glaucoma in an occupational cohort whose lifetime cumulative dose rarely exceeded 30 mSv.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1667\/rade-24-00050.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T02:48:46Z","timestamp":1739933326000},"page":"271-243","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Occupational Exposure to Low Dose Ionizing Radiation and the Incidence of Surgically Removed Cataracts and Glaucoma in a Cohort of Ontario Nuclear Power Plant Workers"],"prefix":"10.1667","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Villeneuve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna","family":"Frangione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Talarico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICES uOttawa (Formerly Known as Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences), Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Prendergast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenchung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICES uOttawa (Formerly Known as Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences), Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gagan","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Zablotska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1243","reference":[{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Henderson, S Valluri, C DesRosiers, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  172, \"Effect of gender on radiation-induced cataractogenesis.\" 129 (2009)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1589.1"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"\"Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. 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Chen, T Prendergast, P Prince, et al.  \"J Radiol Prot.\"  41, \"The National Dose Registry\u2013Canadian Occupational Exposure to Ionizing Radiation, 1998-2018.\" (2021)","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/abdd06"},{"key":"52","unstructured":"\"Occupational Health and Safety Act.\"  (1990)"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AA Szigiato, GE Trope, Y Jin, et al.  \"Can J Ophthalmol.\"  51, \"Wait times and volume of cataract surgery in Ontario: 2000-2012.\" 7 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2015.09.006"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MB Schlenker, D Thiruchelvam, DA Redelmeier,  \"JAMA Ophthalmol.\"  136, \"Association of cataract surgery with traffic crashes.\" 998 (2018)","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.2510"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MP Quinn, D Johnson, M Whitehead, et al.  \"J Glaucoma.\"  30, \"Distribution and predictors of initial glaucoma care among ophthalmologists and optometrists: A 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(2023)."},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Thome, DB Chambers, AM Hooker, et al.  \"Health Phys.\"  114, \"Deterministic effects to the lens of the eye following ionizing radiation exposure: Is there evidence to support a reduction in threshold dose?\" 328 (2018)","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000810"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TV Azizova, EV Bragin, N Hamada, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  11, \"Risk of cataract incidence in a cohort of Mayak PA Workers following chronic occupational radiation exposure.\" e0164357 (2016)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164357"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Neriishi, E Nakashima, A Minamoto, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  168, \"Postoperative cataract cases among atomic bomb survivors: radiation dose response and threshold.\" 404 (2007)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0928.1"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Minamoto, H Taniguchi, N Yoshitani, et al.  \"Int J Radiat Biol.\"  80, \"Cataract in atomic bomb survivors.\" 339 (2004)","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000410001680332"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JP Ashmore, D Krewski, JM Zielinski, et al.  \"Am J Epidemiol.\"  148, \"First analysis of mortality and occupational radiation exposure based on the National Dose Registry of Canada.\" 564 (1998)","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009682"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TV Azizova, N Hamada, ES Grigoryeva, et al.  \"Eur J Epidemiol.\"  33, \"Risk of various types of cataracts in a cohort of Mayak workers following chronic occupational exposure to ionizing radiation.\" 1193 (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0450-4"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MP Little, CM Kitahara, EK Cahoon, et al.  \"Eur J Epidemiol.\"  33, \"Occupational radiation exposure and risk of cataract incidence in a cohort of US radiologic technologists.\" 1179 (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0435-3"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LB Zablotska, RS Lane, PA Thompson,  \"Br J Cancer.\"  110, \"A reanalysis of cancer mortality in Canadian nuclear workers (1956\u20131994) based on revised exposure and cohort data.\" 214 (2014)","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.592"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Narendran, L Luzhna, O Kovalchuk,  \"Front Genet.\"  10, \"Sex difference of radiation response in occupational and accidental exposure.\" 260 (2019)","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00260"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Neriishi, E Nakashima, M Akahoshi, et al.  \"Radiology.\"  265, \"Radiation dose and cataract surgery incidence in atomic bomb survivors, 1986-2005.\" 167 (2012)","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12111947"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Su, Y Wang, S Yoshinaga, et al.  \"J Radiat Res.\"  62, \"Lens opacity prevalence among the residents in high natural background radiation area in Yangjiang, China.\" 67 (2021)","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rraa073"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Yamada, FL Wong, S Fujiwara, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  161, \"Non-cancer disease incidence in atomic bomb survivors, 1958-1998.\" 622 (2004)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3183"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Azizova, K Briks, M Bannikova, et al.  \"Hypertension.\"  73, \"Hypertension Incidence Risk in a Cohort of Russian Workers Exposed to Radiation at the Mayak Production Association Over Prolonged Periods.\" 1174 (2019)","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11719"},{"key":"63","unstructured":"\"Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII phase 2.\"  (2006)"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TV Azizova, N Hamada, EV Bragin, et al.  \"Radiat Environ Biophys.\"  58, \"Risk of cataract removal surgery in Mayak PA workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation over prolonged periods.\" 139 (2019)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-019-00787-0"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. 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Richardson,  \"Am J Epidemiol.\"  168, \"A simple approach for fitting linear relative rate models in SAS.\" 1333 (2008)","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn278"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Kiuchi, T Yokoyama, M Takamatsu, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  180, \"Glaucoma in atomic bomb survivors.\" 422 (2013)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3273.2"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Kiuchi, T Yokoyama, M Takamatsu, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  180, \"Glaucoma in atomic bomb survivors.\" 422 (2013)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3273.2"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EV Bragin, TV Azizova, MV Bannikova, et al.  \"Sci Rep.\"  9, \"Glaucoma incidence risk in a cohort of Mayak PA workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation.\" 12469 (2019)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48915-6"}],"container-title":["Radiation Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/radiation-research\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1667\/RADE-24-00050.1\/3489049\/10.1667_rade-24-00050.1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/radiation-research\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1667\/RADE-24-00050.1\/3489049\/10.1667_rade-24-00050.1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:33:39Z","timestamp":1791243219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/radiation-research\/volume-203\/issue-4\/RADE-24-00050.1\/Occupational-Exposure-to-Low-Dose-Ionizing-Radiation-and-the-Incidence\/10.1667\/RADE-24-00050.1.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/rade-24-00050.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-7587","1938-5404"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-5404","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]}}}