{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:51:08Z","timestamp":1791247868964,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Radiation Research Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Estimation of absorbed organ doses used in computed tomography (CT) using time-intensive Monte Carlo simulations with virtual patient anatomic models is not widely reported in the literature. Using the library of computational phantoms developed by the University of Florida and the National Cancer Institute, we performed Monte Carlo simulations to calculate organ dose values for 9 CT categories representing the most common body regions and indications for imaging (reflecting low, routine, and high radiation dose examinations), stratified by patient age (in children) and effective diameter (in adults, using diameter as a measure of patient size). Our sample of 559,202 adult and 103,423 pediatric CT examinations was prospectively assembled between 2015\u20132020 from 156 imaging facilities from 27 healthcare organizations in 20 U.S. states and 7 countries in the University of California San Francisco International CT Dose Registry. Organ doses varied by body region and exam type. For example, the mean brain dose associated with head CT was 20 mGy [standard deviation (SD) 14] for head low dose, 46 mGy (SD 21) for head routine dose, and 64 mGy (SD 31) for head high dose scan protocols. The mean colon doses associated with abdomen and pelvis CT were 19 mGy (SD 12), 32 mGy (SD 28), and 69 mGy (SD 42) for low, routine, and high dose examinations, respectively. Organ doses in general varied modestly by patient diameter, and for many categories the organ doses among the largest quartile of patients were no more than 10% higher than doses in the smallest quartile. For example, for abdomen and pelvis high dose, the colon dose increased from 67 to 74 mGy from the smallest to the largest patients (10% increase). With few exceptions, pediatric organ doses also varied relatively little by patient age, except for the youngest children who, on average, had higher organ doses. Thyroid dose, however, tended to increase with age in neck or cervical spine and chest CT. Overall, the highest organ doses were to the skin, thyroid, brain, and eye lens. Mean organ doses differ substantially by site. The organ dose values included in this report are derived from empirical clinical exams and offer useful, representative values. Large inter-site variations demonstrate areas for radiation dose reduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1667\/rade-24-00178.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T16:05:01Z","timestamp":1734451501000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Representative Organ Doses from Computed Tomography (CT) Exams from a Large International Registry"],"prefix":"10.1667","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"Philip W.","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Kofler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malini","family":"Mahendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron A.","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choonsik","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley E.","family":"Bolch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Smith-Bindman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1243","reference":[{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MS Pearce, JA Salotti, MP Little, et al.  \"Lancet.\"  380, \"Radiation exposure from CT 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Chu, S Yu, Y Wang, et al.  \"Pediatric Radiology.\"  52, \"Reference phantom selection in pediatric computed tomography using data from a large, multicenter registry.\" 445 (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-021-05227-0"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Smith-Bindman, S Yu, Y Wang, et al.  \"Radiology.\"  302, \"An Image Quality-informed Framework for CT Characterization.\" 380 (2022)","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021210591"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EJ Stepusin, DJ Long, KR Ficarrotta, et al.  \"Med Phys.\"  44, \"Physical validation of a Monte Carlo-based, phantom-derived approach to computed tomography organ dosimetry under tube current modulation.\" 5423 (2017)","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12461"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DJ Long, C Lee, C Tien, et al.  \"Med Phys.\"  40, \"Monte Carlo simulations of adult and pediatric computed tomography exams: validation studies of organ doses with physical phantoms.\" 013901 (2013)","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4771934"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"\"The Report of AAPM Task Group 246: Estimating Patient Organ Dose with Computed Tomography: A Review of Present Methodology and Required DICOM Information.\"  (2019)"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Bosch de Basea Gomez, I Thierry-Chef, R Harbron, et al.  \"Nat Med.\"  29, \"Risk of hematological malignancies from CT radiation exposure in children, adolescents and young adults.\" 3111 (2023)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02620-0"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DL Miglioretti, E Johnson, A Williams, et al.  \"JAMA pediatrics.\"  167, \"The use of computed tomography in pediatrics and the associated radiation exposure and estimated cancer risk.\" 700 (2013)","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.311"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"\"Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII phase 2.\"  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