{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:57:07Z","timestamp":1791237427710,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Radiation Research Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a targeted cancer treatment that relies on the selective accumulation of boron-containing agents in tumor cells, followed by irradiation with low-energy neutrons to produce a cytotoxic reaction. Liposome-mediated delivery systems have shown promise in improving the biodistribution and tumor specificity of boron agents in mice. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of boron-loaded liposomes (MAC\/TAC formulations) in canine and feline models and to measure biodistribution in dogs with naturally occurring tumors. Boron-loaded liposomes were prepared using a thin-film hydration method and characterized for size, stability, and boron content. Toxicity was assessed by clinical signs, complete blood count (CBC), serum chemistry, and histopathological analysis. Biodistribution was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to quantify boron levels in blood, tumors, and vital organs. Adverse reactions were observed in both species, with mild nausea and transient fever being the most common. Higher doses resulted in hematological changes, including leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia, particularly in feline subjects. Biodistribution studies showed a tumor-to-blood boron ratio &lt;1:1 in most cases, which is insufficient for effective BNCT. Findings indicated that cancer-bearing dogs receiving boron-containing liposomes experienced significant toxicity responses, including lethargy, nausea, and inflammatory reactions, which were dose- and dose rate-dependent, consistent with the previously described C activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA) syndrome. The role of this response on boron biodistribution warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1667\/rade-25-00102.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T13:46:53Z","timestamp":1775656013000},"page":"528-536","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the Toxicity and Biodistribution of Boron-loaded Liposomes in Canine and Feline Models"],"prefix":"10.1667","volume":"205","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Heidari-Kharaji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Orto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining and Geological Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.A.","family":"Everett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.S.","family":"Jalisatgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Stephens College, Columbia, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.N.","family":"Bryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.A.","family":"Maitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1243","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RF Barth, AH Soloway, RG Fairchild,  \"Sci Am.\"  263, \"Boron neutron capture therapy for cancer.\" 100 (1990)","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1090-100"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Barth, M Vicente, O Harling, et al.  \"Radiat Oncol.\"  7, \"Current status of boron neutron capture therapy of high grade gliomas and recurrent head and neck cancer.\" 146 (2012)","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-7-146"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Joensuu, L Kankaanranta, T Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4, et al.  \"J Neurooncol.\"  62, \"Boron neutron capture therapy of brain tumors: clinical trials at the finnish facility using boronophenylalanine.\" 123 (2003)","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023293006617"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Yoshinobu, P Kyonghon, K Toru, et al.  \"J Neurooncol.\"  62, 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(2007)","DOI":"10.1080\/08982100701375118"},{"key":"47","unstructured":"ML Immordino, F Dosio, L Cattel,  \"Int J Nanomed.\"  1, \"Stealth liposomes: review of the basic science, rationale, and clinical applications, existing and potential.\" 297 (2006)"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SM Moghimi, AC Hunter, JC Murray,  \"Pharmacol Rev.\"  53, \"Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: theory to practice.\" 283 (2001)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01494-7"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RF Barth, P Mi, W Yang,  \"Cancer Commun.\"  38, \"Boron delivery agents for neutron capture therapy of cancer.\" 35 (2018)","DOI":"10.1186\/s40880-018-0299-7"}],"container-title":["Radiation 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