{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:52:29Z","timestamp":1791237149549,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Radiation Research Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Healthcare systems will be overwhelmed in the case of a large-scale nuclear incident, not only by members of the exposed population, but also by non-exposed (worried-well) individuals. Current methods of biodosimetry are time-consuming and resource-intensive for use in a large-scale triage operation. We present a rapid blood smear-based assay utilizing a modified \u03b3H2AX assay and a new calculation system (test score) to identify non- or low-exposed individuals within 1 h and 24 h after radiation exposure. Venous blood from seven healthy donors was in vitro irradiated (0\u20134 Gy) and blood smears were prepared 1 and 24 h postirradiation. Smears were fixed and \u03b3H2AX immunostaining was performed. Fifty round nuclei were evaluated by a minimum of seven operators for the presence of \u03b3H2AX foci. The proportion of \u03b3H2AX foci-positive nuclei, called test score, was used to discriminate between irradiated and non-irradiated samples. Blood smears from non-exposed venous blood were correctly identified as non-exposed within 1 h against a minimum exposure of 0.1 Gy. After 24 h, the smears from non-exposed blood were identified as non-exposed against a minimum exposure of 1 Gy. This result was also validated with blinded samples irradiated at a partner institute. This established protocol was adapted for blood smears generated with capillary blood from three donors, which eliminates the need for a trained professional to draw venous blood and enables the use in field conditions. A discrimination of irradiated and non-irradiated blood was also possible, but thresholds established for venous blood have to be adjusted in future experiments. Together, this fast, operator-friendly assay will allow effective triage in radiological emergencies by reliable exclusion of non-exposed individuals within 6 h of sample arrival, using minimal resources and specialized equipment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1667\/rade-25-00153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:39:05Z","timestamp":1785753545000},"page":"96-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of Blood Smears for the Identification of Non-exposed Individuals after a Nuclear Incident"],"prefix":"10.1667","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Prabal","family":"Subedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Duchrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Dietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Kaestle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Pautz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Bunk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soley","family":"Rieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Roessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Moertl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1243","reference":[{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Asaithamby  and DJ Chen  \"Nucleic Acids Res.\"  37, \"Cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks after low-dose gamma-irradiation.\" 3912 (2009)","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp237"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Dainiak  and J Albanese  \"J Radiol Prot.\"  42, \"Medical management of acute radiation syndrome.\" (2022)","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ac7d18"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A De Amicis, S De Sanctis, S Di Cristofaro, et al.  \"Health Phys.\"  106, \"Dose estimation using dicentric chromosome assay and cytokinesis block micronucleus assay: comparison between manual and automated scoring in triage mode.\" 787 (2014)","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000097"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Subedi, M Gomolka, S Moertl, et al.  \"J Pers Med.\"  11, \"Ionizing radiation protein biomarkers in normal tissue and their correlation to radiosensitivity: A systematic review.\" (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11020140"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Moquet, E Ainsbury, K Balazs, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  199, \"RENEB Inter-laboratory comparison 2021: The gamma-H2AX foci assay.\" 591 (2023)","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-22-00205.1"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Heylmann  and B Kaina  \"Sci Rep.\"  6, \"The gammaH2AX DNA damage assay from a drop of blood.\" 22682 (2016)","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22682"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Bucher, L Duchrow, D Endesfelder, et al.  \"Int J Radiat Biol.\"  96, \"Comparison of inexperienced operators and experts in gammaH2A.X and 53BP1 foci assay for high-throughput biodosimetry approaches in a mass casualty incident.\" 1263 (2020)","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2020.1793024"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GG Poludniowski  and PM Evans  \"Med Phys.\"  34, \"Calculation of x-ray spectra emerging from an x-ray tube. 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Chaudhry,  \"J Biomed Sci.\"  15, \"Biomarkers for human radiation exposure.\" 557 (2008)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373-008-9253-z"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M Port, P Ostheim, M Majewski, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  192, \"Rapid high-throughput diagnostic triage after a mass radiation exposure event using early gene expression changes.\" 208 (2019)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR15360.1"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Lobrich, A Shibata, A Beucher, et al.  \"Cell Cycle.\"  9, \"gammaH2AX foci analysis for monitoring DNA double-strand break repair: strengths, limitations and optimization.\" 662 (2010)","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.9.4.10764"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"M Lopez  and M Martin  \"Rep Pract Oncol Radiother.\"  16, \"Medical management of the acute radiation syndrome.\" 138 (2011)"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J Moquet, S Barnard, A Staynova, et al.  \"Int J Radiat Biol.\"  93, \"The second gamma-H2AX assay inter-comparison exercise carried out in the framework of the European biodosimetry network (RENEB).\" 58 (2017)","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2016.1207822"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Port, JF Barquinero, D Endesfelder, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  199, \"RENEB Inter-Laboratory Comparison 2021: Inter-assay comparison of eight dosimetry assays.\" 535 (2023)","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-22-00203.1"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Endesfelder, U Oestreicher, M Bucher, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  199, \"RENEB Inter-Laboratory Comparison 2021: The Dicentric Chromosome Assay.\" 556 (2023)","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-22-00204.1"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Barnard, EA Ainsbury, J Al-hafidh, et al.  \"Radiat Prot Dosimetry.\"  164, \"The first gamma-H2AX biodosimetry intercomparison exercise of the developing European biodosimetry network RENEB.\" 265 (2015)","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncu259"}],"container-title":["Radiation Research"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:58:45Z","timestamp":1791233925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/radiation-research\/volume-206\/issue-2\/RADE-25-00153\/Application-of-Blood-Smears-for-the-Identification-of-Non-exposed\/10.1667\/RADE-25-00153.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/rade-25-00153","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-7587","1938-5404"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-5404","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]}}}