{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:59:51Z","timestamp":1791233991022,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Radiation Research Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to ionizing radiation has been associated with the development of neoplasms in humans and other animals. Detection of both neoplastic growth and effects of radiation with standard laboratory testing (hematology and serum chemistry analyses) is problematic. There are no specific biomarkers present in biological fluids (blood, urine) for early detection of neoplastic growth or long-term effects of radiation exposure, but these would be extremely useful for monitoring both treatment efficacy and detecting undesirable side effects in patients undergoing radiotherapy. We conducted a retrospective study of 76 urine samples from rhesus macaques using a novel Raman spectroscopy-based analytical technology (Raman Molecular Urinalysis) to establish a urine fingerprint for past radiation treatment. Forty-nine animals were irradiated (of which 12 developed sarcomas following experimental exposure to total body ionizing radiation) and 27 animals were not irradiated (2 of which developed non-radiation-associated sarcomas). We applied an unsupervised principal component analysis and supervised discriminant analysis of principal components and averaged the spectra. The results showed the groups had a highly similar average spectra, but more variability and outliers existed in the irradiated group of animals. The unique characteristics of these outliers were unclear, and further investigation is needed. Animals with sarcomas had a distinct spectral profile with high specificity and high negative predictive value. A definitive radiation molecular spectral fingerprint was not identified in the urine of irradiated macaques in comparison to unirradiated control animals, but this study provides initial evidence and insights for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1667\/rade-25-00162.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:30:33Z","timestamp":1787841033000},"page":"292-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Detection of Radiation Effects in the Urine of Rhesus Macaques Using Raman Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1667","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Courtney S.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr Sayed","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lacey","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rametrix Technologies, Inc, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atrium Levine Cancer Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Mark","family":"Cline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan S.","family":"Senger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rametrix Technologies, Inc, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1243","reference":[{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GW Schaaf, JN Justice, EE Quillen, et al.  \"Geroscience.\"  45, \"Resilience, aging, and response to radiation exposure (RARRE) in nonhuman primates: a resource review.\" 3371 (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00812-7"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WS Sills, JA Tooze, JD Olson, et al.  \"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.\"  113, \"Total-body irradiation is associated with increased incidence of mesenchymal neoplasia in a radiation late effects cohort of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).\" 661 (2022)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.02.019"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K O'Regan, M Hall, J Jagannathan, et al.  \"Am J Roentgenol.\"  197, \"Imaging of radiation-associated sarcoma.\" W30 (2011)","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5558"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Kumar,  \"Int J Environ Res Public Health.\"  9, \"Second malignant neoplasms following radiotherapy.\" 4744 (2012)","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9124744"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Chorbi\u0144ska, W Krajewski, R Zdrojowy,  \"Transl Cancer Res.\"  10, \"Urological complications after radiation therapy-nothing ventured, nothing gained: A narrative review.\" 1096 (2021)","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-20-2589"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V Kavuru, RS Senger, JL Robertson, et al.  \"PeerJ.\"  11, \"Analysis of urine Raman spectra differences from patients with diabetes mellitus and renal pathologies.\" e14879 (2023)","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14879"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Orlando, F Franceschini, C Muscas, et al.  \"Chemosensors.\"  9, \"A comprehensive review on Raman spectroscopy applications.\" 262 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors9090262"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RS Senger  and D Scherr  \"Curr Opin Biotechnol.\"  66, \"Resolving complex phenotypes with Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics.\" 277 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.09.007"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. JZ,  \"Radiat Res.\"  184, \"Subject-based versus population-based care after radiation exposure.\" 46 (2015)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR13918.1"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RS Senger, V Kavuru, M Sullivan, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  14, \"Spectral characteristics of urine specimens from healthy human volunteers analyzed using Raman chemometric urinalysis (Rametrix).\" e0222115 (2019)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222115"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JL Robertson, RS Senger, J Talty, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  17, \"Alterations in the molecular composition of COVID-19 patient urine, detected using Raman spectroscopic\/computational analysis.\" e0270914 (2022)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270914"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RS Senger, A Sayed Issa, B Agnor, et al.  \"Appl Spectrosc.\"  76, \"Disease-associated multimolecular signature in the urine of patients with Lyme disease detected using Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics.\" 284 (2022)","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028211061769"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Carswell, JL Robertson, RS Senger,  \"Appl Spectrosc.\"  76, \"Raman spectroscopic detection and quantification of macro- and microhematuria in human urine.\" 273 (2022)","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028211060853"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JL Robertson, N Dervisis, J Rossmeisl, et al.  \"Front Vet Sci.\"  11, \"Cancer detection in dogs using rapid Raman molecular urinalysis.\" 1328058 (2024)","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1328058"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RS Senger  and JL Robertson  \"J Raman Spectroscopy PeerJ.\"  8, \"The RametrixTM LITE Toolbox v1.0 for MATLAB \u00ae.\" e8179 (2020)","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8179"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Xu, P Du, R Senger, et al.  \"Appl Spectrosc.\"  75, \"ISREA: An efficient peak-preserving baseline correction algorithm for Raman spectra.\" 34 (2021)","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702820955245"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IS Patel, WR Premasiri, DT Moir, et al.  \"J Raman Spectrosc.\"  39, \"Barcoding bacterial cells: A SERS based methodology for pathogen identification.\" 1660 (2008)","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.2064"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z Movasaghi, R Shazza, IU Rehman,  \"Appl Spectrosc Rev.\"  42, \"Raman spectroscopy of biological tissues.\" 493 (2007)","DOI":"10.1080\/05704920701551530"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ACS Talari, M Zanyar, R Shazza, et al.  \"Appl Spectrosc Rev.\"  50, \"Raman spectroscopy of biological tissues.\" 46 (2015)","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2014.923902"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Bacarella, A Ruggiero, AT Davis, et al.  \"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.\"  106, \"Whole body irradiation jnduces diabetes and adipose insulin resistance in nonhuman primates.\" 878 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2019.11.034"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K Kavanagh, MD Dendinger, AT Davis, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  183, \"Type 2 diabetes is a delayed late effect of whole-body irradiation in nonhuman primates.\" 398 (2015)","DOI":"10.1667\/Rr13916.1"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Trevethan,  \"Front Public Health.\"  5, \"Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values: Foundations, pliabilities, and pitfalls in research and practice.\" 307 (2017)","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00307"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Farris, ER McTyre, C Okoukoni, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  190, \"cortical thinning and structural bone changes in non-human primates after single-fraction whole-chest irradiation.\" 63 (2018)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR15007.1"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AM Farese, MV Cohen, BP Katz, et al.  \"Health Phys.\"  103, \"A nonhuman primate model of the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome plus medical management.\" 367 (2012)","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e31825f75a7"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"TJ MacVittie, AM Farese, W Jackson,  \"Health Phys.\"  109, \"The hematopoietic syndrome of the acute radiation syndrome in rhesus macaques: A systematic review of the lethal dose response relationship.\" 342 (2015)","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000352"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EP Cohen, JD Olson, JA Tooze, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  15, \"Detection and quantification of renal fibrosis by computerized tomography.\" e0228626 (2020)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228626"}],"container-title":["Radiation Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/radiation-research.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/rare\/aop\/article-10.1667-RADE-25-00162.1\/article-10.1667-RADE-25-00162.1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/radiation-research.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/rare\/aop\/article-10.1667-RADE-25-00162.1\/article-10.1667-RADE-25-00162.1.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:46:58Z","timestamp":1791233218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/radiation-research\/volume-206\/issue-3\/RADE-25-00162.1\/The-Detection-of-Radiation-Effects-in-the-Urine-of-Rhesus\/10.1667\/RADE-25-00162.1.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/rade-25-00162.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-7587","1938-5404"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-5404","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]}}}