{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:50:49Z","timestamp":1791237049270,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Radiation Research Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Radio nuclear attack scenarios are potential threats that state actors must deal with more than ever in the context of preparedness and response since the Cold War. Radioactive contamination can occur in many scenarios, which means that, in addition to increased skin- and whole-body doses from external radiation exposure, there is also a risk of incorporation and contamination carryover. In many contexts, only theoretical considerations have been made about which substances would be suitable for removing various radioactive compounds. The goal of this work is to systematically investigate the efficacy of various skin decontamination agents in aqueous solutions, e.g., soap, urea peroxide, EDTA, citric acid, and hydrochloric acid. As a model radionuclide we utilized Manganese-56 in two chemical forms: 1. 56MnCl2 and 2. 56MnO2. The contamination was deposited on the surface of ex vivo pig skin during a 15 min contamination protocol. Pre- and post-decontamination measurements were performed by using a lead-shielded gamma spectrometer in a standardized geometry. The counts in 180 s were analyzed after decay and background correction. The decontamination process involved a standardized 30-second spray followed by a single wipe on the pig skin performed by the same decontaminating experimenter. While the tested decontamination agents were approximately equally efficient in removing water-insoluble radioactive contamination (56MnO2), decontamination from water-soluble 56MnCl2 showed a dependency on the decontamination agents. We found that low-concentration aqueous acid solutions (e.g., 3% citric acid) showed a considerably enhanced efficiency compared to a 1% soap solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1667\/rade-25-00214.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:03:32Z","timestamp":1778803412000},"page":"249-255","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of Widely Available and Easy-to-Prepare Solutions for Skin Decontamination with Manganese-56 Chloride and Oxide as Models for Water-Soluble and Insoluble Radioactive Compounds"],"prefix":"10.1667","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Cornelius","family":"Hermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Port","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Eder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"R\u00f6sch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBRN Defence, Safety, and Environmental Protection School, Sonthofen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Stetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBRN Defence, Safety, and Environmental Protection School, Sonthofen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Gro\u00df-Alltag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBRN Defence, Safety, and Environmental Protection School, Sonthofen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Lamkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1243","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DK Nishad, S Bhalla, K Khanna, et al.  \"Cutan Ocul Toxicol.\"  37, \"Decontamination of rat and human skin experimentally contaminated with 99mTc, 201Tl and 131I radionuclides using \u201cDermadecon\u201d - a skin decontamination kit: an efficacy study.\" 1 (2018)","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2017.1315127"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Linnemann  and JW Thiessen  \"American journal of public health.\"  61, \"A regional approach to the management of radiation accidents.\" 1229 (1971)","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.61.6.1229"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. 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Niska,  \"National Health Statistics Report.\"  \"Hospital preparedness for emergency response: United States, 2008.\" 37 (2011)"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ME Hotz, TM Fliedner, V Meineke,  \"Health Physics.\"  98, \"Radiation Accident Preparedness: A European Approach to Train Physicians to Manage Mass Radiation Casualties.\" 894 (2010)","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e3181ab3e71"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"\"Sitzung der Strahlenschutzkommission am 22. September 1989 Ver\u00f6ffentlicht in: \u2013 Bundesanzeiger Nr. 45 vom 6. M\u00e4rz 1990 \u2013 Ver\u00f6ffentlichungen der Strahlenschutzkommission, Band 15.\"  \"Empfehlung der Strahlenschutzkommission Verabschiedet in der 92.\""},{"key":"11","unstructured":"\"Kurzfassung von Heft 70 der,,Berichte der Strahlenschutzkommission\u201c. 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Messerschmidt  \"Allgemeine Empfehlungen f\u00fcr die Personendekontamination.\"  (1989)"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Tymen, D Gerasimo, H Hoffschir,  \"International Journal of Radiation Biology.\"  76, \"Contamination and decontamination of rat and human skin with plutonium and uranium, studied with a Franz's chamber.\" 1417 (2000)","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000050151709"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Dom\u00ednguez-Gadea  and L Cerezo  \"Rep Pract Oncol Radiother.\"  16, \"Decontamination of radioisotopes.\" 147 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpor.2011.05.002"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Berard, X Michel, F Menetrier, et al.  \"Health Physics.\"  99, \"Medical Management of a cutaneous contamination.\" 572 (2010)","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e3181d94ec1"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"P Gerasimo, D Jourdain, A Cazoulat,  \"Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises.\"  55, \"Modeling of cutaneous radio-contamination: effects of washings by soap and by solutions of DTPA).\" 116 (1997)"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AW Khan, S Kotta, S Rana, et al.  \"Int J Pharm Investig.\"  3, \"Skin decontamination cream for radiological contaminants: Formulation development and evaluation.\" 54 (2013)","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-973X.108964"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Tazrart, MA Bolzinger, S Lamart, et al.  \"Health Phys.\"  115, \"Actinide-contaminated Skin: Comparing Decontamination Efficacy of Water, Cleansing Gels, and DTPA Gels.\" 12 (2018)","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000814"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Griffiths, K Devilliers, P Laroche, et al.  \"Health Physics.\"  122, \"A Simple, Rapid, Comparative Evaluation of Multiple Products for Decontamination of Actinide-contaminated Rat Skin Ex vivo.\" 371 (2022)","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001506"}],"container-title":["Radiation Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/radiation-research.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/rare\/aop\/article-10.1667-RADE-25-00214.1\/article-10.1667-RADE-25-00214.1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/radiation-research.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/rare\/aop\/article-10.1667-RADE-25-00214.1\/article-10.1667-RADE-25-00214.1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/radiation-research.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/rare\/aop\/article-10.1667-RADE-25-00214.1\/article-10.1667-RADE-25-00214.1.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:54:19Z","timestamp":1791233659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/radiation-research\/volume-206\/issue-2\/RADE-25-00214.1\/Efficacy-of-Widely-Available-and-Easy-to-Prepare-Solutions-for\/10.1667\/RADE-25-00214.1.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/rade-25-00214.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-7587","1938-5404"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-5404","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]}}}