{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:52:18Z","timestamp":1791057138077,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n Calcitriol, the hormonally active form of vitamin D, exerts multiple anti-proliferative and pro-differentiating actions including cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in many malignant cells, and the hormone is currently being evaluated in clinical trials as an anti-cancer agent. Recent research reveals that calcitriol also exhibits multiple anti-inflammatory effects. First, calcitriol inhibits the synthesis and biological actions of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs) by three mechanisms: i) suppression of the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, the enzyme that synthesizes PGs; ii) up-regulation of the expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, the enzyme that inactivates PGs; and iii) down-regulation of the expression of PG receptors that are essential for PG signaling. The combination of calcitriol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs results in a synergistic inhibition of the growth of prostate cancer (PCa) cells and offers a potential therapeutic strategy for PCa. Second, calcitriol increases the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 5 in prostate cells resulting in the subsequent inhibition of p38 stress kinase signaling and the attenuation of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Third, calcitriol also exerts anti-inflammatory activity in PCa through the inhibition of nuclear factor-\u03baB signaling that results in potent anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects. Other important direct effects of calcitriol as well as the consequences of its anti-inflammatory effects include the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. We hypothesize that these anti-inflammatory actions, in addition to the other known anti-cancer effects of calcitriol, play an important role in its potential use as a therapeutic agent for PCa. Calcitriol or its analogs may have utility as chemopreventive agents and should be evaluated in clinical trials in PCa patients with early or precancerous disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1677\/erc-09-0139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,19]],"date-time":"2009-11-19T21:34:18Z","timestamp":1258666458000},"page":"R19-R38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Molecular pathways mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of calcitriol: implications for prostate cancer chemoprevention and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aruna V","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology","department":["Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5103, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology","department":["Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5103, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn\n J\n \n \n Peters\n U\n \n \n Albanes\n D\n \n \n Purdue\n MP\n \n \n Abnet\n CC\n \n \n Chatterjee\n N\n \n \n Horst\n RL\n \n \n Hollis\n BW\n \n \n Huang\n WY\n \n \n Shikany\n JM\n \n \n \n 2008\n Serum vitamin D concentration and prostate cancer risk: a nested case\u2013control study. \nJournal of the National Cancer Institute100796\u2013\n804.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn152"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahonen\n MH\n \n \n Tenkanen\n L\n \n \n Teppo\n L\n \n \n Hakama\n M\n \n \n Tuohimaa\n P\n \n \n 2000\n Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Finland). \nCancer Causes & Control11847\u2013\n852.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008923802001"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib3","unstructured":"Alagbala A, Moser MT, Johnson CS, Trump DL, Posner GH & Foster BA 2005 Prevention of prostate cancer progression with vitamin D compounds in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. 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Cancer7256\u2013\n269.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2090"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong\n X\n \n \n Craig\n T\n \n \n Xing\n N\n \n \n Bachman\n LA\n \n \n Paya\n CV\n \n \n Weih\n F\n \n \n McKean\n DJ\n \n \n Kumar\n R\n \n \n Griffin\n MD\n \n \n 2003\n Direct transcriptional regulation of RelB by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs: physiologic and therapeutic implications for dendritic cell function. \nJournal of Biological Chemistry27849378\u2013\n49385.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M308448200"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubois\n RN\n \n \n Abramson\n SB\n \n \n Crofford\n L\n \n \n Gupta\n RA\n \n \n Simon\n LS\n \n \n Van De Putte\n LB\n \n \n Lipsky\n PE\n \n \n 1998\n Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease. \nFASEB Journal121063\u2013\n1073.","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.12.12.1063"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang\n J\n \n \n Metter\n EJ\n \n \n Landis\n P\n \n \n Chan\n DW\n \n \n Morrell\n CH\n \n \n Carter\n HB\n \n \n 2001\n Low levels of prostate-specific antigen predict long-term risk of prostate cancer: results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. \nUrology58411\u2013\n416.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01304-8"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldman\n D\n \n \n Malloy\n PJ\n \n \n Krishnan\n AV\n \n \n Balint\n E\n \n \n 2007\n Vitamin D: biology, action and clinical implications. In \nOsteoporosis, pp \n317\u2013\n382 Eds \nMarcusRFeldmanDNelsonDARosenCJ. \nSan Diego: \nAcademic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012370544-0.50015-X"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrer\n FA\n \n \n Miller\n LJ\n \n \n Andrawis\n RI\n \n \n Kurtzman\n SH\n \n \n Albertsen\n PC\n \n \n Laudone\n VP\n \n \n Kreutzer\n DL\n \n \n 1998\n Angiogenesis and prostate cancer: in vivo and in vitro expression of angiogenesis factors by prostate cancer cells. \nUrology51161\u2013\n167.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00491-3"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flaig\n TW\n \n \n Barqawi\n A\n \n \n Miller\n G\n \n \n Kane\n M\n \n \n Zeng\n C\n \n \n Crawford\n ED\n \n \n Glode\n LM\n \n \n 2006\n A phase II, trial of dexamethasone, vitamin D, and carboplatin in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. \nCancer107266\u2013\n274.","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21982"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleet\n JC\n \n \n 2008\n Molecular actions of vitamin D contributing to cancer prevention. \nMolecular Aspects of Medicine29388\u2013\n396.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2008.07.003"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib56","unstructured":"Folkman\n J\n \n \n 1995\n Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. \nNature Medicine127\u2013\n31."},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowke\n JH\n \n \n Motley\n SS\n \n \n Smith\n JA\n Jr\n \n \n Cookson\n MS\n \n \n Concepcion\n R\n \n \n Chang\n SS\n \n \n Byerly\n S\n \n \n 2009\n Association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prostate specific antigen and prostate volume. \nJournal of Urology1812064\u2013\n2070.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.01.031"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib58","unstructured":"Fukuda\n R\n \n \n Kelly\n B\n \n \n Semenza\n GL\n \n \n 2003\n Vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in colon cancer cells exposed to prostaglandin E2 is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. \nCancer Research632330\u2013\n2334."},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furigay\n P\n \n \n Swamy\n N\n \n \n 2004\n Anti-endothelial properties of 1,25-dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin D3, a natural metabolite of calcitriol. \nJournal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology89\u201390427\u2013\n431.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2004.03.011"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garland\n CF\n \n \n Garland\n FC\n \n \n Gorham\n ED\n \n \n Lipkin\n M\n \n \n Newmark\n H\n \n \n Mohr\n SB\n \n \n Holick\n MF\n \n \n 2006\n The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. \nAmerican Journal of Public Health96252\u2013\n261.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.045260"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasparian\n AV\n \n \n Yao\n YJ\n \n \n Kowalczyk\n D\n \n \n Lyakh\n LA\n \n \n Karseladze\n A\n \n \n Slaga\n TJ\n \n \n Budunova\n IV\n \n \n 2002\n The role of IKK in constitutive activation of NF-kappaB transcription factor in prostate carcinoma cells. \nJournal of Cell Science115141\u2013\n151.","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.115.1.141"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Getzenberg\n RH\n \n \n Light\n BW\n \n \n Lapco\n PE\n \n \n Konety\n BR\n \n \n Nangia\n AK\n \n \n Acierno\n JS\n \n \n Dhir\n R\n \n \n Shurin\n Z\n \n \n Day\n RS\n \n \n Trump\n DL\n \n \n \n 1997\n Vitamin D inhibition of prostate adenocarcinoma growth and metastasis in the Dunning rat prostate model system. \nUrology50999\u2013\n1006.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00408-1"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh\n S\n \n \n Karin\n M\n \n \n 2002\n Missing pieces in the NF-kappaB puzzle. \nCell109 SupplS81\u2013\nS96.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00703-1"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giaccia\n A\n \n \n Siim\n BG\n \n \n Johnson\n RS\n \n \n 2003\n HIF-1 as a target for drug development. \nNature Reviews. Drug Discovery2803\u2013\n811.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1199"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giarratana\n N\n \n \n Penna\n G\n \n \n Amuchastegui\n S\n \n \n Mariani\n R\n \n \n Daniel\n KC\n \n \n Adorini\n L\n \n \n 2004\n A vitamin D analog down-regulates proinflammatory chemokine production by pancreatic islets inhibiting T cell recruitment and type 1 diabetes development. \nJournal of Immunology1732280\u2013\n2287.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.4.2280"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giovannucci\n E\n \n \n 2005\n The epidemiology of vitamin D and cancer incidence and mortality: a review (United States). \nCancer Causes and Control1683\u2013\n95.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-004-1661-4"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gislason\n GH\n \n \n Rasmussen\n JN\n \n \n Abildstrom\n SZ\n \n \n Schramm\n TK\n \n \n Hansen\n ML\n \n \n Fosbol\n EL\n \n \n Sorensen\n R\n \n \n Folke\n F\n \n \n Buch\n P\n \n \n Gadsboll\n N\n \n \n \n 2009\n Increased mortality and cardiovascular morbidity associated with use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in chronic heart failure. \nArchives of Internal Medicine169141\u2013\n149.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.525"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gleave\n M\n \n \n Chi\n KN\n \n \n 2005\n Knock-down of the cytoprotective gene, clusterin, to enhance hormone and chemosensitivity in prostate and other cancers. \nAnnals of New York Academy of Sciences10581\u2013\n15.","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1359.001"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goluboff\n ET\n \n \n Shabsigh\n A\n \n \n Saidi\n JA\n \n \n Weinstein\n IB\n \n \n Mitra\n N\n \n \n Heitjan\n D\n \n \n Piazza\n GA\n \n \n Pamukcu\n R\n \n \n Buttyan\n R\n \n \n Olsson\n CA\n \n \n 1999\n Exisulind (sulindac sulfone) suppresses growth of human prostate cancer in a nude mouse xenograft model by increasing apoptosis. \nUrology53440\u2013\n445.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(98)00513-5"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib70","unstructured":"Gombart\n AF\n \n \n Luong\n QT\n \n \n Koeffler\n HP\n \n \n 2006\n Vitamin D compounds: activity against microbes and cancer. \nAnticancer Research262531\u2013\n2542."},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham\n DJ\n \n \n Campen\n D\n \n \n Hui\n R\n \n \n Spence\n M\n \n \n Cheetham\n C\n \n \n Levy\n G\n \n \n Shoor\n S\n \n \n Ray\n WA\n \n \n 2005\n Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nested case\u2013control study. \nLancet365475\u2013\n481.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17864-7"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross\n C\n \n \n Stamey\n T\n \n \n Hancock\n S\n \n \n Feldman\n D\n \n \n 1998\n Treatment of early recurrent prostate cancer with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol). \nJournal of Urology1592035\u2013\n2039.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-199806000-00079"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta\n S\n \n \n Srivastava\n M\n \n \n Ahmad\n N\n \n \n Bostwick\n DG\n \n \n Mukhtar\n H\n \n \n 2000\n Over-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human prostate adenocarcinoma. \nProstate4273\u2013\n78.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(20000101)42:1<73::AID-PROS9>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta\n S\n \n \n Adhami\n VM\n \n \n Subbarayan\n M\n \n \n MacLennan\n GT\n \n \n Lewin\n JS\n \n \n Hafeli\n UO\n \n \n Fu\n P\n \n \n Mukhtar\n H\n \n \n 2004\n Suppression of prostate carcinogenesis by dietary supplementation of celecoxib in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model. \nCancer Research643334\u2013\n3343.","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-2422"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanchette\n CL\n \n \n Schwartz\n GG\n \n \n 1992\n Geographic patterns of prostate cancer mortality. Evidence for a protective effect of ultraviolet radiation. \nCancer702861\u2013\n2869.","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19921215)70:12<2861::AID-CNCR2820701224>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harant\n H\n \n \n Wolff\n B\n \n \n Lindley\n IJ\n \n \n 1998\n 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 decreases DNA binding of nuclear factor-kappaB in human fibroblasts. \nFEBS Letters436329\u2013\n334.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01153-3"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawk\n ET\n \n \n Viner\n JL\n \n \n Dannenberg\n A\n \n \n DuBois\n RN\n \n \n 2002\n COX-2 in cancer \u2013 a player that's defining the rules. \nJournal of the National Cancer Institute94545\u2013\n546.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.8.545"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib78","unstructured":"Hsu\n JY\n \n \n Feldman\n D\n \n \n McNeal\n JE\n \n \n Peehl\n DM\n \n \n 2001\n Reduced 1alpha-hydroxylase activity in human prostate cancer cells correlates with decreased susceptibility to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-induced growth inhibition. \nCancer Research612852\u2013\n2856."},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang\n S\n \n \n Pettaway\n CA\n \n \n Uehara\n H\n \n \n Bucana\n CD\n \n \n Fidler\n IJ\n \n \n 2001\n Blockade of NF-kappaB activity in human prostate cancer cells is associated with suppression of angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. \nOncogene204188\u2013\n4197.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204535"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain\n T\n \n \n Gupta\n S\n \n \n Mukhtar\n H\n \n \n 2003\n Cyclooxygenase-2 and prostate carcinogenesis. \nCancer Letters191125\u2013\n135.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(02)00524-4"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail\n HA\n \n \n Lessard\n L\n \n \n Mes-Masson\n AM\n \n \n Saad\n F\n \n \n 2004\n Expression of NF-kappaB in prostate cancer lymph node metastases. \nProstate58308\u2013\n313.","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.10335"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jemal\n A\n \n \n Siegel\n R\n \n \n Ward\n E\n \n \n Hao\n Y\n \n \n Xu\n J\n \n \n Murray\n T\n \n \n Thun\n MJ\n \n \n 2008\n Cancer statistics, 2008. \nCA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians5871\u2013\n96.","DOI":"10.3322\/CA.2007.0010"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen\n SS\n \n \n Madsen\n MW\n \n \n Lukas\n J\n \n \n Binderup\n L\n \n \n Bartek\n J\n \n \n 2001\n Inhibitory effects of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) on the G(1)-S phase-controlling machinery. \nMolecular Endocrinology151370\u2013\n1380.","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.15.8.0673"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib84","unstructured":"Jogie-Brahim\n S\n \n \n Feldman\n D\n \n \n Oh\n Y\n \n \n 2009\n Unraveling IGFBP-3 actions in human disease. \nEndocrine Reviews30417\u2013\n437."},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib85","unstructured":"Kai\n H\n \n \n Kitadai\n Y\n \n \n Kodama\n M\n \n \n Cho\n S\n \n \n Kuroda\n T\n \n \n Ito\n M\n \n \n Tanaka\n S\n \n \n Ohmoto\n Y\n \n \n Chayama\n K\n \n \n 2005\n Involvement of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-6 in progression of human gastric carcinoma. \nAnticancer Research25709\u2013\n713."},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib86","unstructured":"Kantoff\n P\n \n \n 2005\n Recent progress in management of advanced prostate cancer. \nOncology19631\u2013\n636."},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karin\n M\n \n \n Lin\n A\n \n \n 2002\n NF-kappaB at the crossroads of life and death. \nNature Immunology3221\u2013\n227.","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0302-221"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib88","unstructured":"Kimura\n K\n \n \n Bowen\n C\n \n \n Spiegel\n S\n \n \n Gelmann\n EP\n \n \n 1999\n Tumor necrosis factor-alpha sensitizes prostate cancer cells to gamma-irradiation-induced apoptosis. \nCancer Research591606\u2013\n1614."},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib89","unstructured":"Kriebitzsch\n C\n \n \n Verlinden\n L\n \n \n Eelen\n G\n \n \n Tan\n BK\n \n \n Van Camp\n M\n \n \n Bouillon\n R\n \n \n Verstuyf\n A\n \n \n 2009\n The impact of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its structural analogs on gene expression in cancer cells \u2013 a microarray approach. \nAnticancer Research293471\u2013\n3483."},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnan\n AV\n \n \n Peehl\n DM\n \n \n Feldman\n D\n \n \n 2003\n Inhibition of prostate cancer growth by vitamin D: regulation of target gene expression. \nJournal of Cellular Biochemistry88363\u2013\n371.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10334"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnan\n AV\n \n \n Shinghal\n R\n \n \n Raghavachari\n N\n \n \n Brooks\n JD\n \n \n Peehl\n DM\n \n \n Feldman\n D\n \n \n 2004\n Analysis of vitamin D-regulated gene expression in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells using cDNA microarrays. \nProstate59243\u2013\n251.","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20006"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnan\n AV\n \n \n Moreno\n J\n \n \n Nonn\n L\n \n \n Malloy\n P\n \n \n Swami\n S\n \n \n Peng\n L\n \n \n Peehl\n DM\n \n \n Feldman\n D\n \n \n 2007a\n Novel pathways that contribute to the anti-proliferative and chemopreventive activities of calcitriol in prostate cancer. \nJournal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology103694\u2013\n702.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.12.051"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnan\n AV\n \n \n Moreno\n J\n \n \n Nonn\n L\n \n \n Swami\n S\n \n \n Peehl\n DM\n \n \n Feldman\n D\n \n \n Calcitriol as a chemopreventive and therapeutic agent in prostate cancer: role of anti-inflammatory activity\n Journal of Bone and Mineral Research\n 22\n Suppl 2\n 2007b\n 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Investigation29665\u2013\n674.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344169"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib107","unstructured":"Majewski\n S\n \n \n Skopinska\n M\n \n \n Marczak\n M\n \n \n Szmurlo\n A\n \n \n Bollag\n W\n \n \n Jablonska\n S\n \n \n 1996\n Vitamin D3 is a potent inhibitor of tumor cell-induced angiogenesis. \nJournal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings197\u2013\n101."},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib108","unstructured":"Mantell\n DJ\n \n \n Owens\n PE\n \n \n Bundred\n NJ\n \n \n Mawer\n EB\n \n \n Canfield\n AE\n \n \n 2000\n 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. \nCirculation Research87214\u2013\n220."},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantovani\n A\n \n \n Allavena\n P\n \n \n Sica\n A\n \n \n Balkwill\n F\n \n \n 2008\n Cancer-related inflammation. \nNature454436\u2013\n444.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07205"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowitz\n SD\n \n \n 2007\n Aspirin and colon cancer \u2013 targeting prevention?\n New England Journal of Medicine\n 356\n 2195\u2013\n2198.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe078044"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masuda\n S\n \n \n Jones\n G\n \n \n 2006\n Promise of vitamin D analogues in the treatment of hyperproliferative conditions. \nMolecular Cancer Therapeutics5797\u2013\n808.","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-05-0539"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McArdle\n PA\n \n \n Mir\n K\n \n \n Almushatat\n AS\n \n \n Wallace\n AM\n \n \n Underwood\n MA\n \n \n McMillan\n DC\n \n \n 2006\n Systemic inflammatory response, prostate-specific antigen and survival in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. \nUrologia Internationalis77127\u2013\n129.","DOI":"10.1159\/000093905"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarty\n MF\n \n \n 2004\n Targeting multiple signaling pathways as a strategy for managing prostate cancer: multifocal signal modulation therapy. \nIntegrative Cancer Therapies 3349\u2013\n380.","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735404270757"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyskens\n FL\n \n \n McLaren\n CE\n \n \n Pelot\n D\n \n \n Fujikawa-Brooks\n S\n \n \n Carpenter\n PM\n \n \n Hawk\n ET\n \n \n Kelloff\n G\n \n \n Lawson\n MJ\n \n \n Kidao\n J\n \n \n McCracken\n J\n \n \n \n 2008\n Difluoromethylornithine plus sulindac for the prevention of sporadic colorectal adenomas: a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. \nCancer Prevention Research 132\u2013\n38.","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0042"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mifflin\n RC\n \n \n Saada\n JI\n \n \n Di Mari\n JF\n \n \n Adegboyega\n PA\n \n \n Valentich\n JD\n \n \n Powell\n DW\n \n \n 2002\n Regulation of COX-2 expression in human intestinal myofibroblasts: mechanisms of IL-1-mediated induction. \nAmerican Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology282C824\u2013\nC834.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00388.2001"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montironi\n R\n \n \n Thompson\n D\n \n \n Scarpelli\n M\n \n \n Mazzucchelli\n R\n \n \n Peketi\n P\n \n \n Hamilton\n PW\n \n \n Bostwick\n DG\n \n \n Bartels\n PH\n \n \n 2004\n Karyometry detects subvisual differences in chromatin organization state between cribriform and flat high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. \nModern Pathology17928\u2013\n937.","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800142"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno\n J\n \n \n Krishnan\n AV\n \n \n Swami\n S\n \n \n Nonn\n L\n \n \n Peehl\n DM\n \n \n Feldman\n D\n \n \n 2005\n Regulation of prostaglandin metabolism by calcitriol attenuates growth stimulation in prostate cancer cells. \nCancer Research657917\u2013\n7925.","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-1435"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib118","unstructured":"Myung\n SJ\n \n \n Rerko\n RM\n \n \n Yan\n M\n \n \n Platzer\n P\n \n \n Guda\n K\n \n \n Dotson\n A\n \n \n Lawrence\n E\n \n \n Dannenberg\n AJ\n \n \n Lovgren\n AK\n \n \n Luo\n G\n \n \n \n 2006\n 15-Hydroxyprost, taglandin dehydrogenase is an in vivo suppressor of colon tumorigenesis. \nPNAS10312098\u2013\n12102."},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayanan\n BA\n \n \n Narayanan\n NK\n \n \n Davis\n L\n \n \n Nargi\n D\n \n \n 2006\n RNA interference-mediated cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition prevents prostate cancer cell growth and induces differentiation: modulation of neuronal protein synaptophysin, cyclin D1, and androgen receptor. \nMolecular Cancer Therapeutics51117\u2013\n1125.","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-05-0520"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayanan\n 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\nOncogene187389\u2013\n7394.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203160"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park\n JI\n \n \n Lee\n MG\n \n \n Cho\n K\n \n \n Park\n BJ\n \n \n Chae\n KS\n \n \n Byun\n DS\n \n \n Ryu\n BK\n \n \n Park\n YK\n \n \n Chi\n SG\n \n \n 2003\n Transforming growth factor-beta1 activates interleukin-6 expression in prostate cancer cells through the synergistic collaboration of the Smad2, p38-NF-kappaB, JNK, and Ras signaling pathways. \nOncogene224314\u2013\n4332.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206478"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peehl\n DM\n \n \n Shinghal\n R\n \n \n Nonn\n L\n \n \n Seto\n E\n \n \n Krishnan\n AV\n \n \n Brooks\n JD\n \n \n Feldman\n D\n \n \n 2004\n Molecular activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in primary cultures of human prostatic epithelial cells revealed by cDNA microarray analysis. \nJournal of Steroid Biochemistry92131\u2013\n141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2004.07.003"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng\n L\n \n \n Malloy\n PJ\n \n \n Feldman\n D\n \n \n 2004\n Identification of a functional Vitamin D response element in the human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 promoter. \nMolecular Endocrinology181109\u2013\n1119.","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2003-0344"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng\n L\n \n \n Wang\n J\n \n \n Malloy\n PJ\n \n \n Feldman\n D\n \n \n 2008\n The role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in the growth inhibitory actions of androgens in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. \nInternational Journal of Cancer122558\u2013\n566.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23100"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penna\n G\n \n \n Amuchastegui\n S\n \n \n Giarratana\n N\n \n \n Daniel\n KC\n \n \n Vulcano\n M\n \n \n Sozzani\n 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Rubertis\n G\n \n \n Barbanti\n G\n \n \n Manganelli\n A\n \n \n Salvestrini\n F\n \n \n Francini\n G\n \n \n 2007\n Weekly high-dose calcitriol and docetaxel in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer previously exposed to docetaxel. \nBJU International100775\u2013\n779.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.07019.x"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrylak\n DP\n \n \n Ankerst\n DP\n \n \n Jiang\n CS\n \n \n Tangen\n CM\n \n \n Hussain\n MH\n \n \n Lara\n PN\n Jr\n \n \n Jones\n JA\n \n \n Taplin\n ME\n \n \n Burch\n PA\n \n \n Kohli\n M\n \n \n \n 2006\n Evaluation of prostate-specific antigen declines for surrogacy in patients treated on SWOG 99-16. \nJournal of the National Cancer Institute98516\u2013\n521.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj129"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pichaud\n F\n \n \n Roux\n S\n \n \n Frendo\n JL\n \n \n Delage-Mourroux\n R\n \n \n Maclouf\n J\n 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Stein\n CM\n \n \n Daugherty\n JR\n \n \n Hall\n K\n \n \n Arbogast\n PG\n \n \n Griffin\n MR\n \n \n 2002\n COX-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of serious coronary heart disease. \nLancet3601071\u2013\n1073.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11131-7"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohan\n JN\n \n \n Weigel\n NL\n \n \n 2009\n 1alphha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces c-Myc expression, inhibiting proliferation and causing G1 accumulation in C4-2 prostate cancer cells. \nEndocrinology1502046\u2013\n2054.","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1395"},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib139","unstructured":"Rose-John\n S\n \n \n Schooltink\n H\n \n \n 2007\n Cytokines are a therapeutic target for the prevention of inflammation-induced cancers. \nRecent Results in Cancer Research17457\u2013\n66."},{"key":"2026070909262028900_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio\n J\n \n \n Ramos\n D\n \n \n Lopez-Guerrero\n JA\n \n 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