{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:15:37Z","timestamp":1790932537953,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Body reserves (long-term) and food intake (short-term) both contribute nutritional feedback to the hypothalamus. Reproductive neuroendocrine output (GnRH\/LH) is stimulated by increased food intake and not by high adiposity in sheep, but it is unknown whether appetite-regulating hypothalamic neurons show this differential response. Castrated male sheep (Scottish Blackface) with oestradiol implants were studied in two 4 week experiments. In Experiment 1, sheep were fed to maintain the initial body condition (BC) score of 2.0+\/-0.00 (lower BC (LBC), n=7) or 2.9+\/-0.09 (higher BC (HBC), n=9), and liveweight of 43+\/-1.1 and 59+\/-1.6 kg respectively. LBC and HBC sheep had similar mean plasma LH concentration, pulse frequency and amplitude, but HBC animals had higher mean plasma concentrations of insulin (P&amp;lt;0.01), leptin (P&amp;lt;0.01) and glucose (P&amp;lt;0.01). Gene expression (measured by in situ hybridisation) in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) was higher in LBC than HBC sheep for neuropeptide Y (NPY; 486% of HBC, P&amp;lt;0.01), agouti-related peptide (AGRP; 467%, P&amp;lt;0.05) and leptin receptor (OB-Rb; 141%, P&amp;lt;0.05), but lower for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART; 92%, P&amp;lt;0.05) and similar between groups for pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). In Experiment 2, sheep with initial mean BC score 2.4+\/-0.03 and liveweight 55+\/-0.8 kg were fed a liveweight-maintenance ration (low intake, LI, n=7) while sheep with initial mean BC score 2.0+\/-0.03 and liveweight 43+\/-1.4 kg were fed freely so that BC score increased to 2.5+\/-0.00 and liveweight increased to 54+\/-1.4 kg (high intake, HI, n=9). Compared with LI, HI sheep had higher mean plasma LH (P&amp;lt;0.05), baseline LH (P&amp;lt;0.01) and pulse amplitude (P&amp;lt;0.01) and showed a trend towards higher pulse frequency. Although there were no differences in final mean plasma concentrations, there were significant increases over time in mean concentrations of insulin (P&amp;lt;0.001), leptin (P&amp;lt;0.05) and glucose (P&amp;lt;0.001) in HI sheep. Gene expression for AGRP in the ARC was higher in HI than LI animals (453% of LI; P&amp;lt;0.05), but expression levels were similar for NPY, OB-Rb, CART and POMC. Thus, the hypothalamus shows differential responses to steady-state adiposity as opposed to an increase in food intake, in terms of both reproductive neuroendocrine activity and hypothalamic appetite-regulating pathways. Differences in hypothalamic gene expression were largely consistent with contemporary levels of systemic leptin and insulin feedback; however, increased nutritional feedback was stimulatory to GnRH\/LH whereas constant high feedback was not. The hypothalamus therefore has the ability to retain a nutritional memory that can influence subsequent responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1750383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,2]],"date-time":"2004-12-02T18:42:13Z","timestamp":1102012933000},"page":"383-393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Contrasting effects of different levels of food intake and adiposity on LH secretion and hypothalamic gene expression in sheep"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"ZA","family":"Archer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SM","family":"Rhind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PA","family":"Findlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CE","family":"Kyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Marie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CL","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","container-title":["Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/joe.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/joe\/175\/2\/383.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/joe\/article-pdf\/175\/2\/383\/110046\/383.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/joe\/article-pdf\/175\/2\/383\/110046\/383.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:56:59Z","timestamp":1783508219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/joe\/article\/175\/2\/383\/20305\/Contrasting-effects-of-different-levels-of-food"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1677\/joe.0.1750383","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-6805","0022-0795"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-6805","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-0795","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]]}}}