{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T03:36:52Z","timestamp":1792381012887,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper describes an investigation undertaken to study the development of stable bulging in drystone retaining walls using a two-dimensional plane strain distinct element numerical model. Development of the numerical model, informed by field study investigations and material tests from a case study wall, is presented. A parametric study of the influence of backfill properties, wall block properties, wall joint properties, and wall geometry on stability is then briefly outlined. Three-dimensional aspects of bulging in drystone retaining walls are also discussed. Stable bulging failure is simulated in a plane strain distinct element model using tapered blocks and a voided porous wall structure. This behaviour is validated using a simple limit equilibrium analysis. The extent of bulging under simulated surcharge loading is shown to be dependent on model stiffness, which is influenced by wall and fill material properties, voidage in the wall, and masonry bonding. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1680\/geng.2007.160.2.97","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T11:22:29Z","timestamp":1172834549000},"page":"97-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Plane strain numerical model for drystone retaining walls"],"prefix":"10.1680","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"McCombie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Claxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Morton Partnership Ltd London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"b1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1680\/imuen.1999.31763"},{"issue":"8","key":"b2","first-page":"28","volume":"19","author":"Cooper M. R.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ground Engineering"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.2000.50.2.165"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.2002.52.6.435"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:3(381)"},{"key":"b6","first-page":"154","volume":"3","author":"Burgoyne J.","year":"1853","journal-title":"Corps of Royal Engineers Papers"},{"key":"b7","volume-title":"UDEC Version 3\u00b70 User Manual","author":"Itasca Consulting Group","year":"1996"},{"key":"b8","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium of the International Society for Rock Mechanics","author":"Cundall P. A.","year":"1971"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.icevirtuallibrary.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1680\/geng.2007.160.2.97","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:20:41Z","timestamp":1753392041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jgeen\/article\/160\/2\/97-103\/397432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1680\/geng.2007.160.2.97"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1680\/geng.2007.160.2.97","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-2618","1751-8563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-2618","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-8563","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}}}