{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:03:01Z","timestamp":1792213381573,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD)\u2014the most frequent cause of hypotonic hyponatremia\u2014is mediated by nonosmotic release of arginine vasopressin, which promotes water retention by activating renal vasopressin type 2 (V2) receptors. There are numerous causes of SIAD, including malignancy, pulmonary and central nervous system diseases, and medications. Rare activating mutations of the V2 receptor can also cause SIAD. Determination of the etiology of SIAD is important because removal of the stimulus for inappropriate arginine vasopressin secretion offers the most effective therapy. Treatment of SIAD is guided by symptoms and their severity, as well as the level of plasma sodium. In the absence of severe symptoms, which require urgent intervention, many clinicians focus on fluid restriction as a first-line treatment. Second-line therapeutic options include loop diuretics and salt tablets, urea, and V2 receptor antagonists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.0000000588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T12:09:04Z","timestamp":1733141344000},"page":"713-722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis"],"prefix":"10.1681","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2598-4782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell H.","family":"Rosner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7109-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helbert","family":"Rondon-Berrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9291-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard H.","family":"Sterns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-102-2-164","article-title":"Hyponatremia: a prospective analysis of its epidemiology and the pathogenetic role of vasopressin","volume":"102","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B2-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000493234","article-title":"Etiology and epidemiology of hyponatremia","volume":"52","author":"Burst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Horm Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"B3-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0744-x","article-title":"The prevalence and mortality of hyponatremia is seriously underestimated in Chinese general medical patients: an observational retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"issue":"7 suppl 1","key":"B4-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.05.005","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia","volume":"119","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"B5-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2009.03.004","article-title":"Epidemiology of hyponatremia","volume":"29","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol."},{"issue":"6","key":"B6-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990802081675","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical and economic outcomes of admission hyponatremia among hospitalized patients","volume":"24","author":"Zilberberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"B7-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu040","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia","volume":"29","author":"Spasovski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"issue":"10 suppl 1","key":"B8-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.07.006","article-title":"Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations","volume":"126","author":"Verbalis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"B9-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2009.03.002","article-title":"The treatment of hyponatremia","volume":"29","author":"Sterns","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol."},{"issue":"5","key":"B10-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad010","article-title":"Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis: from pathophysiology to management","volume":"44","author":"Warren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"B11-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.01.013","article-title":"Utility and limitations of the traditional diagnostic approach to hyponatremia: a diagnostic study","volume":"123","author":"Fenske","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"B12-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.4","article-title":"Current treatment practice and outcomes. 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