{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:14:36Z","timestamp":1792088076709,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017540","name":"NHLBI Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HL153161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL153161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017540","name":"NHLBI Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HL177273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL177273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DK139321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK139321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DK120811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK120811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U01AI163081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI163081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Kidney Precision Medicine Project Opportunity Pool","award":["U2CDK114886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2CDK114886"]}]},{"name":"American Society of Nephrology Carl W. Gottschalk Research Scholar Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sickle cell disease is the most common inherited blood cell disorder in the United States. Vaso-occlusion and hemolysis are hallmark features of sickle cell disease that may lead to kidney damage through endothelial dysfunction and oxidative and inflammatory stress. Manifestations of sickle cell disease\u2013related kidney disease include hyperfiltration that occurs early in the disease course followed by albuminuria and a progressive decline in eGFR. Patients with sickle cell disease have a faster rate of eGFR decline and the development of CKD is associated with higher morbidity and early mortality. The assessment of kidney function is challenged by the transition from the hyperfiltration phase to reduced eGFR and by tubular creatinine secretion, which may lead to overestimation of the true GFR. Cystatin C\u2013based and race-free estimating GFR equations reduce the overestimation but require further validation. Complications of kidney dysfunction include hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis that occur at higher eGFR thresholds compared with the general population. Coinheritance of genetic variants, such as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    G1 and G2 kidney risk variants, may help identify patients with sickle cell disease at higher risk for CKD and guide treatment and screening strategies. Therapeutic approaches targeting the sickle cell disease pathophysiology, such as hydroxyurea, chronic red blood cell transfusions, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, have demonstrated some kidney protective effects, but larger studies with longer follow-up are needed. Novel agents, including endothelin receptor antagonists, pyruvate kinase activators, and APOL1 inhibitors, are currently under investigation. Kidney-protective therapies such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors offer promise but require prospective validation in sickle cell disease cohorts. Kidney transplantation is associated with better survival and should not be withheld based solely on sickle cell disease diagnosis. Early identification, individualized management, and ongoing research are essential to improve kidney outcomes and reduce mortality in this high-risk population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.0000000804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T12:00:39Z","timestamp":1750939239000},"page":"2041-2054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Management of Kidney Disease with Sickle Cell Disease"],"prefix":"10.1681","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0555-1798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Momen","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8109-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8584-4194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santosh L.","family":"Saraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4 suppl","key":"B2-20251121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.12.022","article-title":"Population estimates of sickle cell disease in the U.S","volume":"38","author":"Hassell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"B3-20251121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001484","article-title":"Global burden of sickle cell anaemia in children under five, 2010-2050: modelling based on demographics, excess mortality, and interventions","volume":"10","author":"Piel","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"B4-20251121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024067341","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-067341","article-title":"Trends in sickle cell disease mortality: 1979-2020","volume":"154","author":"Karkoska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"11","key":"B5-20251121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1915374","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.15374","article-title":"Estimated life expectancy and income of patients with sickle cell disease compared with those without sickle cell disease","volume":"2","author":"Lubeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"17","key":"B6-20251121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-03-818161","article-title":"How I treat the older adult with sickle cell disease","volume":"132","author":"Thein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"11","key":"B7-20251121","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Advanced renal failure in patients with sickle cell anemia: clinical course and prognosis","volume":"74","author":"Cruz","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc."},{"issue":"9","key":"B8-20251121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24557","article-title":"Sickle cell disease related mortality in the United States (1999-2009)","volume":"60","author":"Hamideh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer."},{"issue":"23","key":"B9-20251121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406093302303","article-title":"Mortality in sickle cell disease. 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