{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T20:46:00Z","timestamp":1786135560245,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatorenal syndrome type 1 (HRS-1) is a severe form of AKI that affects individuals with advanced cirrhosis and ascites. The main pillar of its pathogenesis is rooted in marked maladaptive renal vasoconstriction. Because of the lack of a gold standard, establishing the diagnosis requires a meticulous process of recognizing its phenotypical features and ascertaining the absence of strong evidence of an alternative etiology of AKI. This is particularly important because a diagnosis of AKI due to HRS-1 prompts initiation of a specific vasoconstrictor pharmacotherapy. Terlipressin and norepinephrine are the most effective therapeutic agents for HRS-1. Treatment eligibility and choice of agent should follow a systematic assessment of clinical presentation, drug safety profile, practical and logistical considerations around intensive care unit bed availability, and proximity of liver transplantation. Independently of the vasoconstrictor used, the goal of therapy is to target a sustained rise in mean arterial pressure to enable renal perfusion. Although intravenous albumin has been historically viewed as a key coadjuvant of vasoconstrictor therapy, newer data have emerged, demonstrating that intravenous albumin may increase the risk for fluid overload. Conversely, diuretics may be safely introduced when clinically applicable. In this review, we navigate through the common challenges faced during the assessment, diagnosis, and medical treatment of a patient with decompensated cirrhosis and AKI suspected to be due to HRS-1, emphasizing the newest lessons learned about the role of terlipressin, its safety profile, and the paradigm shift around the role of albumin in the management of HRS-1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.0000000920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T16:00:29Z","timestamp":1761148829000},"page":"370-381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treating Hepatorenal Syndrome in the Current Era"],"prefix":"10.1681","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9670-1095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos Q.","family":"Velez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"B1-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3109\/00365517709100657","article-title":"Renal blood flow in cirrhosis: relation to systemic and portal haemodynamics and liver function","volume":"37","author":"Ring-Larsen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest."},{"issue":"2","key":"B2-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1053\/j.akdh.2024.01.002","article-title":"Pathophysiology of hepatorenal syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Velez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Kidney Dis Health."},{"issue":"5","key":"B3-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080532","article-title":"Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis","volume":"8","author":"Schrier","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"5","key":"B4-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90652-5","article-title":"Normalization of nitric oxide production corrects arterial vasodilation and hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhotic rats","volume":"109","author":"Niederberger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"1","key":"B5-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.10.055","article-title":"Relationship between activation of the sympathetic nervous system and renal blood flow autoregulation in cirrhosis","volume":"134","author":"Stadlbauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"5","key":"B6-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-018-1551-9","article-title":"Defective renal autoregulation in the chronic bile duct ligation model of liver failure","volume":"22","author":"Maoka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol."},{"issue":"8","key":"B7-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001847","article-title":"Cardiovascular mapping in cirrhosis from the compensated stage to hepatorenal syndrome: a magnetic resonance study","volume":"117","author":"Danielsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"B8-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.10.035","article-title":"Inhibition of the renal apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter prevents cholemic nephropathy in mice with obstructive cholestasis","volume":"80","author":"Ghallab","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"B9-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.40.5.664","article-title":"Reduction in renal blood flow following acute increase in the portal pressure: evidence for the existence of a hepatorenal reflex in man?","volume":"40","author":"Jalan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"1","key":"B10-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R4","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6765","article-title":"Effects of plasma expansion with albumin and paracentesis on haemodynamics and kidney function in critically ill cirrhotic patients with tense ascites and hepatorenal syndrome: a prospective uncontrolled trial","volume":"12","author":"Umgelter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"B11-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000492791","article-title":"Hepatorenal syndrome or hepatocardiorenal syndrome: revisiting basic concepts in view of emerging data","volume":"9","author":"Kazory","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"B12-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.12.019","article-title":"Altered profile of human gut microbiome is associated with cirrhosis and its complications","volume":"60","author":"Bajaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"B13-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.029","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites","volume":"62","author":"Angeli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"issue":"9","key":"B14-20260203","first-page":"1310","article-title":"Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis","volume":"56","author":"Salerno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"1","key":"B15-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.03.031","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: acute disease quality initiative (ADQI) and International Club of Ascites (ICA) joint multidisciplinary consensus meeting","volume":"81","author":"Nadim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"B16-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840200619","article-title":"Renal impairment after spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: incidence, clinical course, predictive factors and prognosis","volume":"20","author":"Follo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"7","key":"B17-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.03.005","article-title":"Nonselective beta blockers increase risk for hepatorenal syndrome and death in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"146","author":"Mandorfer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"6","key":"B18-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-48-6-895","article-title":"Prostaglandins: modulators of renal function and pressor resistance in chronic liver disease","volume":"48","author":"Zipser","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"B19-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.08.013","article-title":"Kidney dysfunction in the setting of liver failure: core curriculum 2024","volume":"83","author":"Kanduri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"B20-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sfae112","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae112","article-title":"Acute kidney injury and point-of-care ultrasound in liver cirrhosis: redefining hepatorenal syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Banegas-Deras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J."},{"issue":"11","key":"B21-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0005522022","article-title":"Point of care ultrasound in cirrhosis-associated acute kidney injury: beyond inferior vena cava","volume":"3","author":"Koratala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney360."},{"issue":"2","key":"B22-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26980","article-title":"Kidney biomarkers and differential diagnosis of patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury","volume":"60","author":"Belcher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"34","key":"B23-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v8.i34.1497","article-title":"Fractional excretion of sodium in hepatorenal syndrome: clinical and pathological correlation","volume":"8","author":"Alsaad","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Hepatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"B24-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2021.09.019","article-title":"Fractional excretion of sodium and urea in differentiating acute kidney injury phenotypes in decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"12","author":"Gowda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"B25-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00359","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000359","article-title":"Urinary NGAL as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for acute kidney injury in cirrhosis: a prospective study","volume":"12","author":"Allegretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"B26-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32799","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic performance of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury","volume":"77","author":"Gambino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B27-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108139","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/108139","article-title":"Prognosis of acute kidney injury and hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis: a prospective cohort study","volume":"2015","author":"Allegretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol."},{"issue":"4","key":"B28-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0005692021","article-title":"Concomitant identification of muddy brown granular casts and low fractional excretion of urinary sodium in AKI","volume":"3","author":"Varghese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney360."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"B29-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-51-4-759","article-title":"Renal failure in Laennec's cirrhosis of the liver. I. Description of clinical and laboratory features","volume":"51","author":"Papper","year":"1959","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"B30-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.09.156","article-title":"Validation of a staging system for acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis and association with acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"15","author":"Huelin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"B31-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290629","article-title":"Reversal of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome with the administration of midodrine and octreotide","volume":"29","author":"Angeli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"2","key":"B32-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0010.8661","article-title":"Treatment of type-1 hepatorenal syndrome with pentoxifylline: a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial","volume":"17","author":"Stine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol."},{"issue":"11","key":"B33-20260203","first-page":"764","article-title":"Noradrenalin versus the combination of midodrine and octreotide in patients with hepatorenal syndrome: randomized clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Tavakkoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med."},{"key":"B34-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675948","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.675948","article-title":"Norepinephrine is more effective than midodrine\/octreotide in patients with hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"El-Desoki Mahmoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"B35-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50276","article-title":"Octreotide in hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study","volume":"38","author":"Pomier-Layrargues","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"B36-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.35819","article-title":"Terlipressin therapy with and without albumin for patients with hepatorenal syndrome: results of a prospective, nonrandomized study","volume":"36","author":"Ortega","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"5","key":"B37-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.02.024","article-title":"Terlipressin and albumin vs albumin in patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized study","volume":"134","author":"Mart\u00edn-Llah\u00ed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"3","key":"B38-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-9919-9","article-title":"Terlipressin and albumin in patients with cirrhosis and type I hepatorenal syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Neri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"B39-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28396","article-title":"Terlipressin given by continuous intravenous infusion versus intravenous boluses in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized controlled study","volume":"63","author":"Cavallin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"2","key":"B40-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2003.02934.x","article-title":"Beneficial effects of terlipressin in hepatorenal syndrome: a prospective, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Solanki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"B41-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.02.014","article-title":"A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin for type 1 hepatorenal syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Sanyal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"7","key":"B42-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.026","article-title":"Terlipressin plus albumin is more effective than albumin alone in improving renal function in patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome type 1","volume":"150","author":"Boyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"9","key":"B43-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008290","article-title":"Terlipressin plus albumin for the treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome","volume":"384","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"B44-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27709","article-title":"Terlipressin plus albumin versus midodrine and octreotide plus albumin in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized trial","volume":"62","author":"Cavallin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"4","key":"B45-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.04.010","article-title":"Noradrenalin vs terlipressin in patients with hepatorenal syndrome: a prospective, randomized, unblinded, pilot study","volume":"47","author":"Alessandria","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"issue":"7","key":"B46-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01828.x","article-title":"An open label, pilot, randomized controlled trial of noradrenaline versus terlipressin in the treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome and predictors of response","volume":"103","author":"Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"6","key":"B47-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.01.012","article-title":"Noradrenaline vs. terlipressin in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized study","volume":"56","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"B48-20260203","first-page":"13","article-title":"Norepinephrine versus terlipressin in patients with type 1 hepatorenal syndrome refractory to treatment with octreotide, midodrine, and albumin: a prospective randomized comparative study","volume":"7","author":"Badawy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Egypt J Cardiothorac Anesth."},{"issue":"1","key":"B49-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0296690","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296690","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of terlipressin and norepinephrine for treatment of hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Olson","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"9","key":"B50-20260203","first-page":"30","article-title":"Noradrenaline is as effective as terlipressin in hepatorenal syndrome type 1: a prospective, randomized trial","volume":"64","author":"Goyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"issue":"5","key":"B51-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-018-0876-3","article-title":"Noradrenaline versus terlipressin in the management of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized controlled study","volume":"37","author":"Saif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"B52-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30208","article-title":"Terlipressin is superior to noradrenaline in the management of acute kidney injury in acute on chronic liver failure","volume":"71","author":"Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"3","key":"B53-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-023-01356-6","article-title":"Combination of terlipressin and noradrenaline versus terlipressin in hepatorenal syndrome with early non-response to terlipressin infusion: a randomized trial","volume":"42","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B54-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S146034","article-title":"In vitro binding and receptor-mediated activity of terlipressin at vasopressin receptors V1 and V2","volume":"10","author":"Jamil","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Pharmacol."},{"issue":"8","key":"B55-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000132","article-title":"The effect of terlipressin on renal replacement therapy in patients with hepatorenal syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Velez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney360."},{"issue":"9","key":"B56-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107466","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107466","article-title":"Terlipressin versus norepinephrine in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Nassar Junior","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"4","key":"B57-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2024.101495","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of terlipressin and albumin vs. noradrenaline and albumin in adult patients with hepatorenal syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Malik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"B58-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e308","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004243","article-title":"Terlipressin increases systemic and lowers pulmonary arterial pressure in experimental acute pulmonary embolism","volume":"48","author":"Schultz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"B59-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.07.017","article-title":"Therapeutic response to vasoconstrictors in hepatorenal syndrome parallels increase in mean arterial pressure: a pooled analysis of clinical trials","volume":"58","author":"Velez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"B60-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2899-z","article-title":"Targeting an early and substantial increase in mean arterial pressure is critical in the management of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: a combined retrospective and pilot study","volume":"59","author":"Maddukuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"B61-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1159\/000441151","article-title":"Hepatorenal acute kidney injury and the importance of raising mean arterial pressure","volume":"131","author":"Velez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephron."},{"issue":"4","key":"B62-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e448","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000068","article-title":"Responsiveness to vasoconstrictor therapy in hepatorenal syndrome type 1","volume":"4","author":"Velez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney360."},{"key":"B63-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000858","article-title":"The relationship between mean arterial pressure and terlipressin in hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury reversal: a post hoc analysis","author":"Cullaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"4","key":"B64-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12166","article-title":"Noninvasive estimation of intravascular volume status in cirrhosis by dynamic size and collapsibility indices of the inferior vena cava using bedside echocardiography","volume":"3","author":"Premkumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"JGH Open."},{"issue":"3","key":"B65-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000501299","article-title":"Point-of-Care echocardiography unveils misclassification of acute kidney injury as hepatorenal syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Velez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol."},{"issue":"9","key":"B66-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022166","article-title":"A randomized trial of albumin infusions in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis","volume":"384","author":"China","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"B67-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2024.11.013","article-title":"Addition of a loop diuretic to norepinephrine during treatment of hepatorenal syndrome type 1","volume":"10","author":"Velez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"B68-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2020.1786851","article-title":"A study on clinical outcomes of combination of terlipressin and albumin in hepatorenal syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Krishna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"1S suppl 1","key":"B69-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e499","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002154","article-title":"Midodrine and albumin versus albumin alone for the secondary prophylaxis of acute kidney injury in a patient with cirrhosis and ascites","volume":"33","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"B70-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1177\/08971900221087974","article-title":"Droxidopa in the management of hepatorenal syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Bejjani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract."},{"issue":"5","key":"B71-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25845","article-title":"Droxidopa, an oral norepinephrine precursor, improves hemodynamic and renal alterations of portal hypertensive rats","volume":"56","author":"Coll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"6","key":"B72-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.07.010","article-title":"Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury including hepatorenal syndrome in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis in the US","volume":"79","author":"Patidar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"B73-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03610417","article-title":"Prognosis of patients with cirrhosis and AKI who initiate RRT","volume":"13","author":"Allegretti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"4","key":"B74-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5414\/CN109983","article-title":"Continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute on chronic liver failure and acute kidney injury: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"93","author":"Saraiva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol."},{"issue":"2","key":"B75-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000589","article-title":"Association of hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury with mortality in patients with cirrhosis requiring renal replacement therapy: results from the HRS-HARMONY consortium","volume":"6","author":"Cama-Olivares","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney360."},{"issue":"2","key":"B76-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2022.01.003","article-title":"Kidney replacement therapy in patients with acute liver failure and end-stage cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation","volume":"26","author":"Kovvuru","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"B77-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1053\/j.akdh.2024.01.003","article-title":"Renal replacement therapy in cirrhosis: a contemporary review","volume":"31","author":"Pelusio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Kidney Dis Health."},{"issue":"10","key":"B78-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3710","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-024-08623-2","article-title":"Prognosis of transplant-ineligible patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury who initiate renal replacement therapy","volume":"69","author":"Diaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1681\/ASN.0000000920","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T19:45:43Z","timestamp":1786131943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1681\/ASN.0000000920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/asn.0000000920","relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-6673","1533-3450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1046-6673","type":"print"},{"value":"1533-3450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]}}}