{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T15:07:41Z","timestamp":1793372861958,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2009020213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,14]],"date-time":"2010-01-14T20:33:46Z","timestamp":1263501226000},"page":"223-230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":302,"title":["Reassessment of Albumin as a Nutritional Marker in Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.1681","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Allon N.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen Z.","family":"Fadem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0216494","article-title":"Malnutrition: A frequent misdiagnosis for hemodialysis patients","volume":"110","author":"Mitch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R3-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/25.11.1174","article-title":"Effects of dietary protein restriction on albumin synthesis, albumin catabolism, and the plasma aminogram","volume":"25","author":"Kelman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R4-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080234","article-title":"Serum albumin","volume":"8","author":"Rothschild","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R5-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.26.020175.000515","article-title":"Regulation of albumin metabolism","volume":"26","author":"Rothschild","year":"1975","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"R6-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105941","article-title":"Effects of a short-term fast on albumin synthesis studied in vivo, in the perfused liver, and on amino acid incorporation by hepatic microsomes","volume":"47","author":"Rothschild","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R7-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)62157-X","article-title":"The biosynthesis of rat serum albumin: V. Effect of protein depletion and refeeding on albumin and transferrin synthesis","volume":"246","author":"Morgan","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R8-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/117.6.1141","article-title":"Low protein\u2013high energy diet induces repressed transcription of albumin mRNA in rat liver","volume":"117","author":"Sakuma","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"R9-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19770067","article-title":"Reasons why hypoalbuminaemia may or may not appear in protein-energy malnutrition","volume":"38","author":"Coward","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"R10-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/217578a0","article-title":"Regulation of albumin synthesis and catabolism by alteration of dietary protein","volume":"217","author":"Kirsch","year":"1968","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R11-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105319","article-title":"Albumin and gamma-globulin tracer studies in protein depletion states","volume":"45","author":"Hoffenberg","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R12-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105885","article-title":"Albumin metabolism: Effect of the nutritional state and the dietary protein intake","volume":"47","author":"James","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R13-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113000","article-title":"Study of the molecular mechanism of decreased liver synthesis of albumin in inflammation","volume":"79","author":"Moshage","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R14-8-20230410","first-page":"411","article-title":"Studies of plasma protein metabolism: I. Albumin in burned and injured patients","volume":"23","author":"Davies","year":"1962","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"R15-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91447-3","article-title":"Increased vascular permeability: A major cause of hypoalbuminaemia in disease and injury","volume":"1","author":"Fleck","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R16-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0390423","article-title":"Albumin metabolism in chronic renal failure","volume":"39","author":"Coles","year":"1970","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"R17-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00211.x","article-title":"Increased albumin and fibrinogen synthesis rate in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"64","author":"Prinsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R18-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197209072871002","article-title":"Albumin kinetics and nutritional rehabilitation in the unattended home-dialysis patient","volume":"287","author":"Fish","year":"1972","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R19-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1984.15","article-title":"Albumin homeostasis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis","volume":"25","author":"Kaysen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R20-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117668","article-title":"Chronic metabolic acidosis decreases albumin synthesis and induces negative nitrogen balance in humans","volume":"95","author":"Ballmer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R21-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006010083","article-title":"Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in normal and disease states","volume":"17","author":"Lecker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R23-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070897","article-title":"Pathophysiological factors of importance in protein-calorie malnutrition","volume":"28","author":"Whitehead","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"R24-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)94666-X","article-title":"Kwashiorkor","volume":"226","author":"Williams","year":"1935","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R25-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)90465-0","article-title":"Serum-albumin concentration and the onset of kwashiorkor","volume":"1","author":"Whitehead","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R26-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.61.3.299","article-title":"Nutritional edema in the dog: I. Development of hypoproteinemia on a diet deficient in protein","volume":"61","author":"Weech","year":"1935","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R27-8-20230410","first-page":"910","article-title":"Kwashiorkor is still not fully understood","volume":"81","author":"Krawinkel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R28-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)92908-0","article-title":"Evolution of kwashiorkor and marasmus","volume":"1","author":"Rao","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R29-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)92839-2","article-title":"Protein deficiency, energy deficiency, and the oedema of malnutrition","volume":"1","author":"Golden","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R30-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(48)92087-X","article-title":"The essential pathology of kwashiorkor","volume":"1","author":"Davies","year":"1948","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R31-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4788.798","article-title":"Kwashiorkor: II. Clinical picture, pathology, and differential diagnosis","volume":"2","author":"Trowell","year":"1952","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R32-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/49.4.588","article-title":"Kwashiorkor in North America","volume":"49","author":"Rossouw","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R33-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(96)00170-0","article-title":"Serum albumin distribution in early treated anorexia nervosa","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"R34-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.355","article-title":"A paradoxical increase in resting energy expenditure in malnourished patients near death: The king penguin syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Rigaud","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R35-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.32.837","article-title":"Assessment of emaciation in relation to threat to life in anorexia nervosa","volume":"32","author":"Okabe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"R36-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20129","article-title":"The paradox of normal serum albumin in anorexia nervosa: A case report","volume":"37","author":"Krantz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"R38-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.395","article-title":"Effect of dietary protein restriction on nutritional status in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study","volume":"52","author":"Kopple","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R39-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V114708","article-title":"Nutrition and outcome on renal replacement therapy of patients with chronic renal failure treated by a supplemented very low protein diet","volume":"11","author":"Aparicio","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R40-8-20230410","first-page":"E668","article-title":"Long-term adaptive responses to dietary protein restriction in chronic renal failure","volume":"268","author":"Tom","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"R41-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198912283212601","article-title":"The effect of protein restriction on the progression of renal insufficiency","volume":"321","author":"Ihle","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R42-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00520.x","article-title":"Inflammation and reduced albumin synthesis associated with stable decline in serum albumin in hemodialysis patients","volume":"65","author":"Kaysen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R43-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00172.x","article-title":"The acute-phase response varies with time and predicts serum albumin levels in hemodialysis patients: The HEMO Study Group","volume":"58","author":"Kaysen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R45-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007020184","article-title":"Intradialytic parenteral nutrition does not improve survival in malnourished hemodialysis patients: A 2-year multicenter, prospective, randomized study","volume":"18","author":"Cano","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R46-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2008.10.008","article-title":"Assessment of body protein: Energy status in chronic kidney disease","volume":"29","author":"Cano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"R47-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V651329","article-title":"Nutrition and mortality in hemodialysis","volume":"6","author":"Bergstrom","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R50-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002585","article-title":"A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein-energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease","volume":"73","author":"Fouque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R54-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh296","article-title":"Wasting, but not malnutrition, predicts cardiovascular mortality in end-stage renal disease","volume":"19","author":"Stenvinkel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R55-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)70364-5","article-title":"Death risk in hemodialysis patients: The predictive value of commonly measured variables and an evaluation of death rate differences between facilities","volume":"15","author":"Lowrie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R56-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291404","article-title":"The urea reduction ratio and serum albumin concentration as predictors of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"329","author":"Owen","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R57-8-20230410","first-page":"664","article-title":"Congenital analbuminaemia: Biochemical and clinical implications\u2014A case report and literature review","volume":"163","author":"Koot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"R59-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108709","article-title":"Influence of chronic renal failure on protein synthesis and albumin metabolism in rat liver","volume":"59","author":"Grossman","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R60-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9428449","article-title":"Correction of metabolic acidosis and its effect on albumin in chronic hemodialysis patients","volume":"31","author":"Brady","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R61-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00647.x","article-title":"The effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux on nutritional parameters in hemodialysis patients: Results of the HEMO Study","volume":"65","author":"Rocco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R62-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1159\/000057465","article-title":"High protein\/energy vs. standard protein\/energy nutritional regimen in the treatment of malnourished hemodialysis patients","volume":"25","author":"Kuhlmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Miner Electrolyte Metab"},{"key":"R63-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00112.x","article-title":"Randomized double-blind trial of oral essential amino acids for dialysis-associated hypoalbuminemia","volume":"57","author":"Eustace","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R64-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/16.9.1856","article-title":"Oral supplementation of branched-chain amino acid improves nutritional status in elderly patients on chronic haemodialysis","volume":"16","author":"Hiroshige","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R65-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1053\/jren.2002.35300","article-title":"A controlled trial of intermittent enteral nutrient supplementation in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"12","author":"Sharma","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"R66-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh044","article-title":"Effect of prescribing a high protein diet and increasing the dose of dialysis on nutrition in stable chronic haemodialysis patients: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Kloppenburg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R67-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2004.04.003","article-title":"Nutrition counseling impacts serum albumin levels","volume":"14","author":"Akpele","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"R68-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/089686080502500212","article-title":"Randomized, open label, controlled clinical trial of oral administration of an egg albumin-based protein supplement to patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis","volume":"25","author":"Gonzalez-Espinoza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"key":"R69-8-20230410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.03.046","article-title":"Improving albumin levels among hemodialysis patients: A community-based randomized controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Leon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00001751-201002000-00008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T19:32:11Z","timestamp":1786131131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00001751-201002000-00008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/asn.2009020213","relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-6673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1046-6673","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]}}}