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However, numerous diseases compromise this barrier function, resulting in spillage of serum proteins into the urine (proteinuria). Some studies of glomerular filtration suggest that tubules may be physiologically exposed to nephrotic-range protein levels. Therefore, whether serum components can directly injure the downstream tubular portions of the kidney, which in turn can lead to inflammation and fibrosis, remains controversial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We tested the effects of serum protein exposure in human kidney tubule microphysiologic systems and with orthogonal epigenomic approaches since animal models cannot directly assess the effect of serum components on tubules.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum, but not its major protein component albumin, induced tubular injury and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Epigenomic comparison of serum-injured tubules and intact kidney tissue revealed canonical stress-inducible regulation of injury-induced genes. Concordant transcriptional changes in microdissected tubulointerstitium were also observed in an independent cohort of patients with proteinuric kidney disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results demonstrate a causal role for serum proteins in tubular injury and identify regulatory mechanisms and novel pathways for intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2021060751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T13:06:13Z","timestamp":1645621573000},"page":"949-965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Serum Protein Exposure Activates a Core Regulatory Program Driving Human Proximal Tubule Injury"],"prefix":"10.1681","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Kevin 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Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine K.","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3319-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Himmelfarb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6534-9313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward J.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, 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