{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:27:13Z","timestamp":1791833233756,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-NS18400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS18400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DK30344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK30344"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DK113197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK113197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DK128315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK128315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09PRE2460005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09PRE2460005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11POST7670015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11POST7670015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01-DK107787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01-DK107787"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"\n Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n \n SLC4 proteins play numerous important roles in the kidneys and elsewhere because they translocate what appears to be bicarbonate through cell membranes. Although previous studies supported three mechanisms with particular hypothesized substrate(s), HCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n per se<\/jats:italic>\n , CO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n =<\/jats:sup>\n , or H\n +<\/jats:sup>\n , none could definitively discriminate among them. Now, novel three-dimensional mathematical simulations show that these mechanisms would cause markedly different cell-surface pH changes, normalized to translocated charge. Using electrophysiology to test these predictions for the electrogenic Na\/HCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n cotransporter NBCe1, the authors unambiguously rule out two mechanisms\u2014those involving HCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n and H\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \u2014and conclude that inward flux of CO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n =<\/jats:sup>\n is the only straightforward mechanism tenable. Thus, surface chemistry can differentiate three modes of acid-base transport previously thought to be indistinguishable. This mechanistic insight might have value for applications such as drug design.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Differentiating among HCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n , CO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n =<\/jats:sup>\n , and H\n +<\/jats:sup>\n movements across membranes has long seemed impossible. We now seek to discriminate unambiguously among three alternate mechanisms: the inward flux of 2 HCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n (mechanism 1), the inward flux of 1 CO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n =<\/jats:sup>\n (mechanism 2), and the CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \/HCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n -stimulated outward flux of 2 H\n +<\/jats:sup>\n (mechanism 3).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n As a test case, we use electrophysiology and heterologous expression in\n Xenopus<\/jats:italic>\n oocytes to examine SLC4 family members that appear to transport \u201cbicarbonate\u201d (\u201cHCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n \u201d).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n First, we note that cell-surface carbonic anhydrase should catalyze the forward reaction CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n +OH\n \u2013<\/jats:sup>\n \u2192HCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n if HCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n is the substrate; if it is not, the reverse reaction should occur. Monitoring changes in cell-surface pH (\n \u0394<\/jats:italic>\n pH\n S<\/jats:sub>\n ) with or without cell-surface carbonic anhydrase, we find that the presumed Cl-\u201cHCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u201d exchanger AE1 (SLC4A1) does indeed transport HCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n (mechanism 1) as long supposed, whereas the electrogenic Na\/\u201cHCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u201d cotransporter NBCe1 (SLC4A4) and the electroneutral Na\n +<\/jats:sup>\n -driven Cl-\u201cHCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u201d exchanger NDCBE (SLC4A8) do not. Second, we use mathematical simulations to show that each of the three mechanisms generates unique quantities of H\n +<\/jats:sup>\n at the cell surface (measured as\n \u0394<\/jats:italic>\n pH\n S<\/jats:sub>\n ) per charge transported (measured as change in membrane current,\n \u0394I<\/jats:italic>\n m<\/jats:sub>\n ). Calibrating \u0394pH\n S<\/jats:sub>\n \/\u0394\n I<\/jats:italic>\n m<\/jats:sub>\n in oocytes expressing the H\n +<\/jats:sup>\n channel H\n V<\/jats:sub>\n 1, we find that our NBCe1 data align closely with predictions of CO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n =<\/jats:sup>\n transport (mechanism 2), while ruling out HCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n (mechanism 1) and CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \/HCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n -stimulated H\n +<\/jats:sup>\n transport (mechanism 3).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Our surface chemistry approach makes it possible for the first time to distinguish among HCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n , CO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n =<\/jats:sup>\n , and H\n +<\/jats:sup>\n fluxes, thereby providing insight into molecular actions of clinically relevant acid-base transporters and carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2022030289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T12:45:37Z","timestamp":1666788337000},"page":"40-54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Distinguishing among HCO3 \u2212, CO3 =, and H+ as Substrates of Proteins That Appear To Be \u201cBicarbonate\u201d Transporters"],"prefix":"10.1681","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1928-4392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong-Ki","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0519-7725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossana","family":"Occhipinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8519-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fraser J.","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1761-5282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark D.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New 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