{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:45:00Z","timestamp":1790747100786,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Rehabil Res Dev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"DOI":"10.1682\/jrrd.2014.06.0141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,21]],"date-time":"2015-01-21T16:40:44Z","timestamp":1421858444000},"page":"1287-1296","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Does unilateral transtibial amputation lead to greater metabolic demand during walking?"],"prefix":"10.1682","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Russell Esposito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Intrepid, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly M.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Intrepid, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"R\u00e0bago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Intrepid, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Wilken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Intrepid, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"737","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649409164389","article-title":"Energy expenditure of trans-tibial amputees during ambulation at self-selected pace","volume":"18","author":"Gailey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137308924571","article-title":"Performance evaluation of an amputee-prosthesis system in below-knee amputees","volume":"16","author":"Ganguli","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"6","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0764-0","article-title":"Effect of speed on the energy cost of walking in unilateral traumatic lower limb amputees","volume":"103","author":"Genin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r4","first-page":"18","article-title":"Amputation: Energy cost of ambulation","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r5","first-page":"173","article-title":"Energy-speed relation of below-knee amputees walking on a motor-driven treadmill","volume":"31","author":"Molen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Int Z Angew Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(99)00009-0","article-title":"The energy expenditure of normal and pathologic gait","volume":"9","author":"Waters","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.07.310","article-title":"The effects of prosthetic foot design on physiologic measurements, self-selected walking velocity, and physical activity in people with transtibial amputation","volume":"87","author":"Hsu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649709164525","article-title":"The effects of prosthesis mass on metabolic cost of ambulation in non-vascular trans-tibial amputees","volume":"21","author":"Gailey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19920901-07","article-title":"Energy demands for walking in dysvascular amputees as related to the level of amputation","volume":"15","author":"Pinzur","year":"1992","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r10","first-page":"111","article-title":"Energy expenditure in below-knee amputees: Correlation with stump length","volume":"55","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1983.10735302","article-title":"Biomechanical motor patterns in normal walking","volume":"15","author":"Winter","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00081-8","article-title":"The 3-D motion of the centre of gravity of the human body during level walking. II. Lower limb amputees","volume":"13","author":"Tesio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1988.11709410","article-title":"A longitudinal study of cardiovascular stability in active men aged 45 to 65 years","volume":"16","author":"Kasch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"issue":"5","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199509000-00002","article-title":"A reassessment of center-of-mass dynamics as a determinate of the metabolic inefficiency of above-knee amputee ambulation","volume":"74","author":"Gitter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.02.0043","article-title":"Influence of terrain on metabolic and temporal gait characteristics of unilateral transtibial amputees","volume":"43","author":"Paysant","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.01.006","article-title":"Energy cost of walking measurements in subjects with lower limb amputations: A comparison study between floor and treadmill test","volume":"27","author":"Traballesi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"7","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r17","first-page":"293","article-title":"Energy costs of below-knee prostheses using two types of suspension","volume":"60","author":"Cummings","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1728","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.1194","article-title":"Bionic ankle-foot prosthesis normalizes walking gait for persons with leg amputation","volume":"279","author":"Herr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90035-2","article-title":"Walking symmetry and energy cost in persons with unilateral transtibial amputations: Matching prosthetic and intact limb inertial properties","volume":"81","author":"Mattes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/00008526-198810000-00006","article-title":"Comparison of energy-cost and gait efficiency during ambulation in below-knee amputees using different prosthetic feet: A preliminary report","volume":"1","author":"Nielsen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Prosthet Orthot"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00008-5","article-title":"Energy expenditure and biomechanical characteristics of lower limb amputee gait: The influence of prosthetic alignment and different prosthetic components","volume":"16","author":"Schmalz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williamson. VC.. Amputation of the lower extremity: an overview. Orthop Nurs. 1992;11(2):55\u201365.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006416-199203000-00008"},{"issue":"2","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r23","first-page":"111","article-title":"Energy expenditure during ambulation in dysvascular and traumatic below-knee amputees: A comparison of five prosthetic feet","volume":"32","author":"Torburn","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2006.06.027","article-title":"Survival rates in dysvascular lower limb amputees","volume":"4","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2013.784720","article-title":"Test-retest reliability and minimum detectable change using the K4b2: Oxygen consumption, gait efficiency, and heart rate for healthy adults during submaximal walking","volume":"84","author":"Darter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-197400020-00006","article-title":"Perceived exertion","volume":"2","author":"Borg","year":"1974","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.01.011","article-title":"Froude and the contribution of naval architecture to our understanding of bipedal locomotion","volume":"21","author":"Vaughan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"8","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90090-9","article-title":"Prosthesis evaluation questionnaire for persons with lower limb amputations: Assessing prosthesis-related quality of life","volume":"79","author":"Legro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769060-00018","article-title":"Aerobic training exercises for individuals who had amputation of the lower limb","volume":"69","author":"Pitetti","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2011.04.0075","article-title":"Metabolic analysis of male servicemembers with transtibial amputations carrying military loads","volume":"49","author":"Schnall","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.012","article-title":"Daily physical activity and heart rate response in people with a unilateral traumatic transtibial amputation","volume":"89","author":"Bussmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r32","unstructured":"Fick A. Uber die messung des blutquantums in den hertzvent rikeln. Sitzber Physik-Med Ges Wurzburg. 1870;36. German."},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r33","first-page":"387","article-title":"Obesity and metabolic disorders in adults with lower limb amputation","volume":"33","author":"Kurdibaylo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"7","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.02.033","article-title":"Dynamic stability of individuals with transtibial amputation walking in destabilizing environments","volume":"47","author":"Beurskens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"5","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.12.011","article-title":"Margins of stability in young adults with traumatic transtibial amputation walking in destabilizing environments","volume":"47","author":"Beltran","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-9-81","article-title":"Comparison of walking overground and in a Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN) in individuals with and without transtibial amputation","volume":"9","author":"Gates","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.12.019","article-title":"Gait characteristics of individuals with transtibial amputations walking on a destabilizing rock surface","volume":"36","author":"Gates","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"7","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2012.05.0100","article-title":"Construct validity of Comprehensive High-Level Activity Mobility Predictor (CHAMP) for male servicemembers with traumatic lower-limb loss","volume":"50","author":"Gailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.01.024","article-title":"Frontal plane dynamic margins of stability in individuals with and without transtibial amputation walking on a loose rock surface","volume":"38","author":"Gates","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"11","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.06.009","article-title":"Evaluation of a powered ankle-foot prosthetic system during walking","volume":"93","author":"Ferris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.11.007","article-title":"Biomechanics of the ankle-foot system during stair ambulation: Implications for design of advanced ankle-foot prostheses","volume":"45","author":"Sinitski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"key-10.1682\/JRRD.2014.06.0141-201502130902-r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.00734","article-title":"The Military Extremity Trauma Amputation\/Limb Salvage (METALS) study: Outcomes of amputation versus limb salvage following major lower-extremity trauma","volume":"95","author":"Doukas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"}],"container-title":["Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T11:02:36Z","timestamp":1781089356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220312120858\/https:\/\/www.rehab.research.va.gov\/jour\/2014\/518\/pdf\/JRRD-2014-06-0141.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1682\/jrrd.2014.06.0141","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-7711","1938-1352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0748-7711","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-1352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}