{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T23:01:25Z","timestamp":1772233285822,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]],"date-time":"2014-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epileptic Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Measuring neuro\u2010haemodynamic correlates in the brain of epilepsy patients using EEG\u2010fMRI has opened new avenues in clinical neuroscience, as these are two complementary methods for understanding brain function. In this study, we investigated three patients with drug\u2010resistant reflex epilepsy using EEG\u2010fMRI. Different types of reflex epilepsy such as eating, startle myoclonus, and hot water epilepsy were included in the study. The analysis of EEG\u2010fMRI data was based on the visual identi\ufb01cation of interictal epileptiform discharges on scalp EEG. The convolution of onset time and duration of these epilepsy spikes was estimated, and using these condition\u2010specific effects in a general linear model approach, we evaluated activation of fMRI. Patients with startle myoclonus epilepsy experienced epilepsy in response to sudden sound or touch, in association with increased delta and theta activity with a spike\u2010and\u2010slow\u2010wave pattern of interictal epileptiform discharges on EEG and fronto\u2010parietal network activation pattern on SPECT and EEG\u2010fMRI. Eating epilepsy was triggered by sight or smell of food and fronto\u2010temporal discharges were noted on video\u2010EEG (VEEG). Similarly, fronto\u2010temporo\u2010parietal involvement was noted on SPECT and EEG\u2010fMRI. Hot water epilepsy was triggered by contact with hot water either in the bath or by hand immersion, and VEEG showed fronto\u2010parietal involvement. SPECT and EEG fMRI revealed a similar fronto\u2010parietal\u2010occipital involvement. From these results, we conclude that continuous EEG recording can improve the modelling of BOLD changes related to interictal epileptic activity and this can thus be used to understand the neuro\u2010haemodynamic substrates involved in reflex epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2014.0632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T09:24:44Z","timestamp":1564737884000},"page":"19-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Understanding the pathophysiology of reflex epilepsy using simultaneous EEG\u2010fMRI"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Manglore","family":"Sandhya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Neuro Science (NIMHANS)"},{"name":"Dept of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Science (NIMHANS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rose Dawn","family":"Bharath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Neuro Science (NIMHANS)"},{"name":"Dept of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Science (NIMHANS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajanikant","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Neuro Science (NIMHANS)"},{"name":"Dept of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Science (NIMHANS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.R.","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Neurology National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Science (NIMHANS)  Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naveen","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Science (NIMHANS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lija","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Neuro Science (NIMHANS)"},{"name":"Dept of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Science (NIMHANS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Thamodharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Neuro Science (NIMHANS)"},{"name":"Dept of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Science (NIMHANS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arun Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Neuro Science (NIMHANS)"},{"name":"Dept of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Science (NIMHANS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Satishchandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Neurology National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Science (NIMHANS)  Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Synkinesis\u2010startle and epilepsy startle triggered by unexpected sensory and sensitive factors. 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