{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:36:44Z","timestamp":1784547404817,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,8]],"date-time":"2014-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epileptic Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Anti\u2010glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody\u2010associated autoimmune encephalitis has been reported mostly as limbic encephalitis. Only few cases with extralimbic involvement are reported with limited investigation. Here, we report an extensive investigation with MRI, PET, and pathological examination. A 66\u2010year\u2010old Japanese female with a history of hypothyroidism, colon cancer, pheochromocytoma, and thymoma\u2010associated myasthenia gravis presented with generalised tonic\u2010clonic seizures. MRI showed multiple hyperintense lesions and PET showed hypermetabolic lesions in the brain. Biopsy showed non\u2010specific gliosis, microglial proliferation, and perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrates. Various neuronal antibodies were negative, except for anti\u2010GAD antibody. Anti\u2010GAD antibody\u2010associated encephalitis is an increasingly recognised CNS disease. Pathophysiology of this encephalitis is unclear. While PET showed hypermetabolic lesions, the biopsy showed non\u2010specific changes. The treatments may include immunosuppressants, IVIg, and plasma exchange. One should consider to measure this antibody, in addition to others, when autoimmune encephalitis is suspected [<jats:italic>Published with video sequences<\/jats:italic>].<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2014.0666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T13:24:44Z","timestamp":1564752284000},"page":"358-361","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["PET\u2010positive extralimbic presentation of anti\u2010glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody\u2010associated encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gotaro","family":"Kojima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The John A. Hartford Foundation Center of Excellence in Geriatrics, Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii"},{"name":"Japan Green Medical Centre  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiko","family":"Inaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The John A. Hartford Foundation Center of Excellence in Geriatrics, Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiko K.","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute Queen's Medical Center  Honolulu Hawaii USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2010.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21917"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.03.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360419"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.1.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn183"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70096-5"}],"container-title":["Epileptic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1684\/epd.2014.0666","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T16:05:38Z","timestamp":1710777938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1684\/epd.2014.0666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1684\/epd.2014.0666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1684\/epd.2014.0666","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1294-9361","1950-6945"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1294-9361","type":"print"},{"value":"1950-6945","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}}}