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Most clinically important interactions of antiepileptic drugs result from induction or inhibition of drug metabolism. Carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital and primidone are strong inducers of cytochrome P450 and glucuronizing enzymes (as well as P\u2010glycoprotein) and can reduce the efficacy of co\u2010administered medications such as oral anticoagulants, calcium antagonists, steroids, antimicrobial and antineoplastic drugs through this mechanism. Oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine acetate, felbamate, rufinamide, topiramate (at doses \u2265200 mg\/day) and perampanel (at doses \u22658 mg\/day) have weaker inducing properties, and a lower propensity to cause interactions mediated by enzyme induction. Unlike enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition results in decreased metabolic clearance of the affected drug, the serum concentration of which may increase leading to toxic effects. Examples of important interactions mediated by enzyme inhibition include the increase in the serum concentration of phenobarbital and lamotrigine caused by valproic acid. There are also interactions whereby other drugs induce or inhibit the metabolism of antiepileptic drugs, examples being the increase in serum carbamazepine concentration by erythromycin, and the decrease in serum lamotrigine concentration by oestrogen\u2010containing contraceptives. Pharmacodynamic interactions between antiepileptic drugs may also be clinically important. These interactions can have potentially beneficial effects, such as the therapeutic synergism of valproic acid combined with lamotrigine, or adverse effects, such as the reciprocal potentiation of neurotoxicity observed in patients treated with a combination of sodium channel blocking antiepileptic drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2014.0714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T13:24:29Z","timestamp":1564752269000},"page":"409-431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":276,"title":["Interactions between antiepileptic drugs, and between antiepileptic drugs and other drugs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Zaccara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine Florence Health Authority Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Perucca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics University of Pavia, and C. 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