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They are common, accounting for over 10% of seizure emergencies and around 30% of cases in tertiary epilepsy units, but the diagnosis is often missed or delayed. The recently proposed \u201cintegrative cognitive model\u201d accommodates current research on experiential, psychological and biological risk factors for the development of PNES, but in view of the considerable heterogeneity of presentations and medical context, it is not certain that a universal model can capture the full range of PNES manifestations. This narrative review addresses key learning objectives of the ILAE curriculum by describing the demographic profile, common risk factors (such as trauma or acute stress) and comorbid disorders (such as other dissociative and functional disorders, post\u2010traumatic stress disorder, depressive and anxiety disorders, personality disorders, comorbid epilepsy, head injury, cognitive and sleep problems, migraine, pain, and asthma). The clinical implications of demographic and aetiological factors for diagnosis and treatment planning are addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2019.1107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T16:27:30Z","timestamp":1706027250000},"page":"529-547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":178,"title":["The aetiology of psychogenic non\u2010epileptic seizures: risk factors and comorbidities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Stoyan","family":"Popkirov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Ruhr University Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali A.","family":"Asadi\u2010Pooya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Otago Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gigineishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology &amp; Neurosurgery Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coraline","family":"Hingray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Hospitalo\u2010Universitaire de Psychiatrie d\u2019Adultes du Grand Nancy Centre Psychoth\u00e9rapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; D\u00e9partement de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Miguel Kanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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