{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T13:44:25Z","timestamp":1784727865492,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epileptic Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The management of drug\u2010resistant patients with focal epilepsy is often challenging. Surgery is recognised as a useful and effective treatment option. The identification of the epileptogenic zone relies on the integration of clinical, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging findings. The role of non\u2010invasive functional neuroimaging techniques has been reported to add diagnostic accuracy to first\u2010line evaluations, avoiding invasive presurgical examinations in selected cases. In this view, we report the case of a 16\u2010year\u2010old male suffering from drug\u2010resistant focal epilepsy with episodes rarely evolving to a bilateral tonic\u2010clonic seizure. Conventional 1.5T and 3T MRI were considered uninformative. Based on electro\u2010clinical data, focal cortical dysplasia was suspected. The epileptogenic zone was identified with the integration of further non\u2010invasive functional neuroimaging techniques ([18F]\u2010fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and arterial spin labelling), where electrical source imaging played the main role. All techniques pointed towards a cortical region, where a 7T brain MRI identified a signal alteration consistent with focal cortical dysplasia. A tailored resection of the lesion located in the inferior frontal sulcus was performed, guided by intraoperative electrocorticography (strip and depth electrodes). Postoperative seizure freedom was achieved. The histopathology confirmed the suspicion of focal cortical dysplasia type IIa. With this case report, we highlight the importance of a multimodal approach in the presurgical evaluation of candidates for epilepsy surgery, which, in selected cases, may allow invasive procedures, such as stereo\u2010EEG, to be avoided in the investigation of the epileptogenic zone. Moreover, we underline the pivotal role of EEG source imaging, especially when focal cortical dysplasia is suspected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2021.1309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T13:02:14Z","timestamp":1627563734000},"page":"661-666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multimodal approach in the pre\u2010surgical evaluation of focal epilepsy surgery candidates: how far are we from a non\u2010invasive ESI\u2010based \u201csourcectomy\u201d?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Nobile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medical and Surgical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) University of Genoa Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Consales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Tortora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology Unit IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Pacetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Gianno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology Sapienza University of Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Arnaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) University of Genoa Genoa Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Morbelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences University of Genoa 16132 Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Mancardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medical and Surgical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Sartori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C. Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center Niguarda Hospital Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Cossu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C. Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center Niguarda Hospital Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lino","family":"Nobili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medical and Surgical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) University of Genoa Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Cataldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medical and Surgical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) University of Genoa Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108023450501"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615335"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70156-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02521.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr243"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.07.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01250"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","volume-title":"NEPSY-2: contributo alla taratura italiana","author":"Urgesi C","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/879716"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA): technical details","volume":"24","author":"Pascual-Marqui R.D.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"The correlation between cluster seizures and findings of magnetic resonance imaging in drug refractory epilepsy patients","volume":"9","author":"Mehvari Habibabadi J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf175"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.585"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1279-7"}],"container-title":["Epileptic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1684\/epd.2021.1309","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T16:13:18Z","timestamp":1710778398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1684\/epd.2021.1309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1684\/epd.2021.1309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1684\/epd.2021.1309","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1294-9361","1950-6945"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1294-9361","type":"print"},{"value":"1950-6945","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}