{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:08:04Z","timestamp":1790806084820,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JEMR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n\n\n\nThis paper discusses the design and development of a low-cost virtual reality (VR) based flight simulator with cognitive load estimation feature using ocular and EEG signals.\u00a0 Focus is on exploring methods to evaluate pilot\u2019s interactions with aircraft by means of quantifying pilot\u2019s perceived cognitive load under different task scenarios. Realistic target tracking and context of the battlefield is designed in VR. Head mounted eye gaze tracker and EEG headset are used for acquiring pupil diameter, gaze fixation, gaze direction and EEG theta, alpha, and beta band power data in real time. We developed an AI agent model in VR and created scenarios of interactions with the piloted aircraft. To estimate the pilot\u2019s cognitive load, we used low-frequency pupil diameter variations, fixation rate, gaze distribution pattern, EEG signal-based task load index and EEG task engagement index. We compared the physiological measures of workload with the standard user\u2019s inceptor control-based workload metrics. Results of the piloted simulation study indicate that the metrics discussed in the paper have strong association with pilot\u2019s perceived task difficulty.\n\n\n\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.15.3.11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T10:56:12Z","timestamp":1688554572000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Cognitive load estimation in VR flight simulator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3772-0768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Archana","family":"Hebbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7062-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjana","family":"Vinod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9762-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shah,","family":"A.K.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2983-591X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhay","family":"Pashilkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3054-6699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradipta","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"container-title":["Journal of Eye Movement Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bop.unibe.ch\/JEMR\/article\/download\/9036\/13063","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bop.unibe.ch\/JEMR\/article\/download\/9036\/13063","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T14:53:09Z","timestamp":1741099989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1995-8692\/15\/3\/23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16910\/jemr.15.3.11","relation":{},"ISSN":["1995-8692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1995-8692","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]}}}