{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T02:41:50Z","timestamp":1768185710368,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3886,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a potentially serious bloodborne virus, which persists in the majority of those infected. Long-term sequelae include liver cirrhosis, liver cancer and premature death. Early identification of newly acquired infection is important for protection of public health. Routine surveillance based on laboratory notification of HCV infection is not sufficient to differentiate between newly acquired and chronic infections. Enhanced surveillance systems have been trialled globally in a number of settings. This pilot program aimed to increase identification of newly acquired HCV cases in southeastern Sydney residents and to ascertain the likely mode of transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All HCV notifications in southeastern Sydney residents with specimen dates from 1 July to 31 December 2012 were included in a pilot program. Demographic data, Australian Indigenous identification and previous laboratory results were collected from electronic medical records, where available. Enhanced surveillance forms were sent to referring doctors to seek information about clinical symptoms and previous hepatitis C pathology. Data were collated to assess, according to Australian national case definitions, whether cases were newly acquired or not, or were unable to be determined on the available information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 104 notifications of HCV infection during the surveillance period. Forms were sent to 100 requesting doctors, with 72 forms returned. Six newly acquired cases were identified, a rate of 8%, compared with 1\u20133% classified by routine surveillance. Twenty cases (28%) were not newly acquired and the status of 46 (64%) was unable to be determined. Of the six newly acquired cases, sexual transmission was deemed to be the likely route of exposure for four cases, and injecting drug use for the remaining two.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Enhanced surveillance increased the rate of identification of newly acquired infections. However, the process was labour-intensive and the status of most cases was unable to be determined. Since identification of newly acquired cases has an important public health benefit in understanding factors in disease transmission, other approaches should be examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.17061\/phrp2521520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,17]],"date-time":"2015-05-17T17:57:00Z","timestamp":1431885420000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hepatitis C enhanced surveillance: results from a southeastern Sydney pilot program"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Bateman-Steel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia."},{"name":"B Public Health Unit, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Smedley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B Public Health Unit, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B Public Health Unit, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, NSW, Australia."},{"name":"C Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Ferson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B Public Health Unit, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, NSW, Australia."},{"name":"D School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026011119115869300_R1","unstructured":"The Kirby Institute. HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia annual surveillance report 2012. Sydney: University of New South Wales; 2012 [cited 2015 Mar 17]. Available from: kirby.unsw.edu.au\/surveillance\/2012-annual-surveillance-report-hiv-viral-hepatitis-stis"},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micallef JM, Kaldor JM, Dore GJ. Spontaneous viral clearance following acute hepatitis C infection: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. J Viral Hepat. 2006;13(1):34\u201341. PubMed","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00651.x"},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R3","unstructured":"Australia & New Zealand Liver Transplant Registry. ANZLT R 23rd Report. Brisbane: The Registry; 2011 [cited 2014 Jun 3]. Available from: www.anzltr.org\/Reports\/23rdReport.pdf"},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R4","unstructured":"The Boston Consulting Group. The economic impact of hepatitis C in Australia. Canberra: The Boston Consulting Group; 2012 [cited 2014 Jun 3]. Sponsored by Janssen Australia. Available from: static.squarespace.com\/static\/50ff0804e4b007d5a9abe0a5\/t\/51ca2984e4b01fa56e27de4d\/1372203396232\/The%20Economic%20Impact%20of%20Hepatitis%20C%20in%20Australia_FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R5","unstructured":"Ministerial Advisory Committee on AIDS, Sexual Health and Hepatitis: Hepatitis C Sub-committee. Hepatitis C virus projections working group: estimates and projections of the hepatitis C virus epidemic in Australia 2006. Sydney: University of New South Wales; 2006 [cited 2014 Jun 3]."},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dore GJ, Law M, MacDonald M, Kaldor J. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Australia. J Clin Virol. 2003;26(2):171\u201384. PubMed","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00116-6"},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tohme RA, Holmberg SD. Is sexual contact a major mode of hepatitis C virus transmission? Hepatology. 2010;52(4):1497\u20131505. CrossRef | PubMed","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23808"},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van de Laar TJW, Matthews G, Prins M, Danta M. Acute hepatitis C in HIV\u2013infected men who have sex with men: an emerging sexually transmitted infection. AIDS. 2010;24(12):1799\u20131812. CrossRef | PubMed","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833c11a5"},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahony AA, Donnan EJ, Lester RA, Doyle JS, Knox J, Tracy SL, et al. Beyond injecting drug use: investigation of a Victorian cluster of hepatitis C among HIV\u2013 infected men who have sex with men. Med J Aust. 2013;198(4):210\u201314. CrossRef | PubMed","DOI":"10.5694\/mja12.10556"},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews GV, Pham ST, Hellard M, Grebely J, Zhang L, Oon A, et al. Patterns and characteristics of hepatitis C transmission clusters among HIV\u2013positive and HIV\u2013negative individuals in the Australian trial in acute hepatitis C. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(6)803\u201311. CrossRef | PubMed","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq200"},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Health Protection NSW. Year in review: health protection in NSW, 2012. NSW Public Health Bull. 2013;24(3):105\u201318. CrossRef","DOI":"10.1071\/NB13009"},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robotin M, Copland J, Tallis G, Coleman D, Giele C, Carter L, et al. Surveillance for newly acquired hepatitis C in Australia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol [Internet]. 2004;19:283\u20138. PubMed","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2003.03270.x"},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R13","unstructured":"Tobin S. Hepatitis C: enhancing routine surveillance in Victoria. Victorian Infectious Diseases Bulletin. 2001 [cited 2014 Jun 3];4(2):17\u201319."},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deacon RM, Wand H, Treloar C, Maher L. Improving surveillance for acute hepatitis C. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2011 [cited 2014 Jun 3];35(1):16\u201320. Available from: www.health.gov.au\/internet\/main\/publishing.nsf\/Content\/cda-cdi3501d.htmPubMed","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2011.35.4"},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R15","unstructured":"The Department of Health. Australian national notifiable diseases case definitions \u2013 hepatitis C (unspecified). Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health; 2014 [cited 2014 Jun 3]. Available from: www.health.gov.au\/internet\/main\/publishing.nsf\/Content\/cda-surveil-nndss-casedefs-cd_hepcun.htm"},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sack-Davis R, Van Gemert C, Bergeri I, Stoove M, Hellard M. Identifying newly acquired cases of hepatitis C using surveillance: a literature review. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140(11):1925\u201334. CrossRef | PubMed","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812001033"},{"key":"2026011119115869300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guy R, Devadason D, Lim M, Higgins N, Pedrana A, Gibson K, et al. Enhanced case detection for newly acquired hepatitis C infection: epidemiological findings and health service implications. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2008 [cited 2014 Jun 3];32(2):250\u20136. 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