{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T17:50:57Z","timestamp":1769795457950,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"The Korean Society of Anesthesiologists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Unimedics Corp."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anesth-pain-med.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anesth Pain Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Continuous tympanic membrane temperature (T-TM) monitoring is minimally invasive and may be suitable for core temperature measurement during anesthesia. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and safety of T-TM compared to infrared tympanic thermometer temperature (T-IRT) and esophageal temperature (T-ESO).Methods: This study included both in vitro validation and a prospective observational study conducted at a tertiary hospital. In vitro agreement between T-TM and T-ESO over a temperature range of 32 to 42\u00b0C was assessed using Bland\u2212Altman analysis. Clinically, 40 adults undergoing general anesthesia were under continuous T-TM and T-ESO monitoring, with T-IRT measured at three perioperative time points. Agreement was evaluated using Bland\u2212Altman analysis, and temporal changes were assessed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Hypothermia was defined as core temperature &lt; 36.0\u00b0C. Safety was assessed using otoscopy before and after anesthesia.Results: In vitro, T-TM and T-ESO showed minimal mean bias (\u22120.01\u00b0C; 95% confidence interval [CI], \u22120.03 to 0.00\u00b0C), with limits of agreement (LoA) ranging from \u22120.22 to 0.20\u00b0C. Clinically, T-TM was comparable to T-IRT (mean bias: 0.04\u00b0C; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.07\u00b0C; LoA: \u22120.33 to 0.41\u00b0C) but consistently higher than T-ESO as anesthesia progressed (mean differences: 0.31 to 0.80\u00b0C; P &lt; 0.001). Hypothermia detection was lower with T-TM (37.5%) than with T-ESO (85.0%) (P &lt; 0.001). No otological complications were observed.Conclusions: T-TM demonstrated excellent agreement with T-ESO in vitro and was comparable to T-IRT in clinical settings. However, it tended to yield slightly higher readings than T-ESO, which should be considered during perioperative temperature monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.17085\/apm.25252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T05:54:41Z","timestamp":1762926881000},"page":"111-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17085\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Utility of the tympanic membrane temperature probe for continuous core temperature monitoring during general anesthesia: in vitro laboratory validation and prospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.17085","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3342-4136","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ha Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9796-1542","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sang 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