{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:21:34Z","timestamp":1759335694316,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Media Sphere Publishing House","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rus. Ann. Ophthal."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose. To uncover the negative impacts of heavy metals on carbohydrate metabolism, their mechanisms and contributory factors, as well as their role on the etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, and progression of eye diseases. Material and methods. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), various databases were searched (e.g., Scopus, PubMed, etc.) to collect evidence on the link and role of heavy metals in carbohydrate metabolism and pathogenesis of eye diseases. Included studies were appraised for quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists and extracted data were analyzed using the narrative synthesis method. Results. Of the 128 papers retrieved, 24 papers met the inclusion criteria. Heavy metals are associated with the onset and progression of diabetes and eye diseases secondary to diabetes (age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and diabetic retinopathy) majorly via toxic interference (induction, inhibition and\/or deactivation) of glucose metabolizing enzymes and oxidative stress. The etiology of DR is intricate and includes the simultaneous disruption of several metabolic and signaling mechanisms within the retinal neurovascular unit. The retina is more susceptible to metal-induced toxicities due to the high affinity of heavy metals to melanin content of the retinal epithelium. Conclusion. This study emphasizes the harmful effects of chronic and intermittent exposure to heavy metals, suggesting no safe exposure levels. To prevent eye diseases secondary to heavy metals-induced altered carbohydrate metabolism, metal chelators, low glycemic diets, and lifestyle modifications should be exploited among vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.17116\/oftalma202514102189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T11:58:44Z","timestamp":1747051124000},"page":"89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Heavy metals and derangement in carbohydrate metabolism in eye diseases: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.17116","volume":"141","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3724-5944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.J.","family":"Udom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kampala International University","place":["Ishaka, Uganda"]},{"name":"Federal University Oye-Ekiti","place":["Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2648-4805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Oritsemuelebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delta State University","place":["Abraka, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6802-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Frazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5847-2575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Bocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"stituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5161-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Ruggieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"stituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5806-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O.E.","family":"Orisakwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR) \u2014 University of Port Harcourt","place":["Port Harcourt, Nigeria"]},{"name":"Advanced Research Centre, European University of Lefke","place":["Lefke, Turkey"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"6743","reference":[{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-21618-3_15"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108802"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S286888"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2023.04.006"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02689-3"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163007"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2022.12.007"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8757-3_3"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79511-5_6"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45923-9_13"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/27694127.2023.2178996"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02199-20"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12721"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2632084320947559"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132159"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.12.007"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092862"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18196\/mmjkk.v22i2.14904"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2021037971"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039541"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042264"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12979"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/319136"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-26","unstructured":"Miteu GD. Glucose Metabolism and Cataract: Prevention and Treatment \u2014 A Review. World Sci News. 2021;161:11-27"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/608751"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2011.03.005"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13353"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920111794480507"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/wsa.v32i4.5155"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124412"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124412"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.08.002"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.01.046"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112460"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1702302114"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trouiller-Gerfaux P, Podglajen E, Hulo S, et al. The Association Between Blood Cadmium and Glycated Haemoglobin Among Never-, Former, and Current Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Study in France. Environ Res. 2019; 178:108673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108673"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9100905"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang CW, Wang CW, Wu DW, et al. Significant Association Between Blood Lead (Pb) Level and Haemoglobin A1c in Non-diabetic Population. Diabet Metab. 2021;47:101233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2021.101233"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050725"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01654-22"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang J, Yang A, Cheng N, et al. Sex-specific Associations of Blood and Urinary Manganese Levels With Glucose Levels, Insulin Resistance and Kidney Function in US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016. Chemosphere 2020;258:126940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126940"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13336"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.12.007"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/26896583.2021.1916331"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.12.025"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02357.x"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000648"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghaddam EAM, Motarjemizadeh G, Ayremlou P, Zarrin R. Major Dietary Patterns In Relation to Age-related Cataract. Clin Nutr. (ESPEN) 2021;41:325-330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.11.008"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedaghat F, Ghanavati M, Hajian PN, Hajishirazi S, Ehteshami M, Rashidkhani B. Nutrient Patterns and Risk of Cataract: A Case-Control Study. Int J Ophthalmol. 2017;10(4):586","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2017.04.14"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66014-7_1"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman K, Fatima F, Waheed I, Akash MSH. Prevalence of Exposure of Heavy Metals and Their Impact on Health Consequences. J. Cell. Biochem. 2018;119:157-184","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26234"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon SS. Association of Lead, Mercury and Cadmium with Diabetes in the Korean Population: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2009-2010. Diabet Med. 2013;30:e143-148","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12103"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes MF, Beck BD, Chen Y, Lewis AS, Thomas DJ. Arsenic Exposure and Toxicology: A Historical Perspective. Toxicol Sci. 2011;123:305-332","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr184"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen YW, Yang CY, Huang CF, Hung DZ, Leung YM, Liu SH. Heavy Metals, Islet Function and Diabetes Development. Islets. 2009;1:169-176","DOI":"10.4161\/isl.1.3.9262"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galhardi CM, Diniz YS, Faine LA, et al. Toxicity of Copper Intake: Lipid Profile, Oxidative Stress and Susceptibility to Renal Dysfunction. Food Chem Toxicol. 2004;42:2053-2060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.07.020"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Shang YC. Mechanistic Insights into Diabetes Mellitus and Oxidative Stress. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14:1729-1738","DOI":"10.2174\/092986707781058968"},{"key":"key-10.17116\/oftalma202514102189-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164983"}],"container-title":["Russian Annals of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T11:59:17Z","timestamp":1747051157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/mediasphera.ru\/issues\/vestnik-oftalmologii\/2025\/2\/10042465X2025021089"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.17116\/oftalma202514102189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17116\/oftalma202514102189","relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-465X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-465X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]}}}