{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T21:48:16Z","timestamp":1774907296571,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Consilium Medicum","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,15]],"date-time":"2016-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476489600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Terapevticheskii arkhiv"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The review considers the current views on the central nervous system (CNS) in diabetes mellitus (DM). It discusses an attitude towards the term \u00abdiabetic encephalopathy\u00bb. The data of investigations of cognitive functions in types 1 and 2 DM and the brain structural imaging results obtained using up-to-date technologies are considered. The results of studies of the factors that induce cerebral changes in DM and their associated cognitive impairments are given. There is evidence that hyperglycemia has a more considerable impact on the above processes than hypoglycemia; other possible factors, apart from blood glucose control, are set out. The current views on the function of insulin in the CNS and the relationship of central insulin resistance to Alzheimer\u2019s disease are outlined. There are current data on intranasal insulin application that is still exploratory, but, as might be judged from the findings, may by a promising method for the treatment and prevention of cognitive decline in both patients with DM and those without this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.17116\/terarkh201688682-86","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]],"date-time":"2016-10-26T13:22:33Z","timestamp":1477488153000},"page":"82-86","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diabetes mellitus and the central nervous system"],"prefix":"10.26442","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"E V","family":"Surkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"18344","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"IDF Diabetes Atlas, 7th Edition, Brussels; 2015."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miles WR, Root HF. Psychologic tests applied to diabetic patients. Arch Int Med. 1922;30:767-777.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1922.00110120086003"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeJong RN. The nervous system complications in diabetes mellitus with special reference to cerebrovascular changes. JNervMentDis. 1950;111:181-206.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-195011130-00001"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"\u0427\u0443\u0433\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041b.\u0410., \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0418.\u0412., \u041e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u042e.\u042e., \u0428\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041c.\u0412. \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0442 2 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0442. 2008;1:61-66."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mijnhout GS, Scheltens P, Diamant M, Biessels GJ, Wessels AM, Simsek S, Snoek FJ, Heine RJ. Diabetic encephalopathy: a concept in need of a definition. Diabetologia. 2006;49:1447-1448.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0221-8"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-010-0218-0"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0418.\u0410., \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0412.\u0412., \u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u041a.\u0418. \u0414\u0438\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430. 2012; 4(2S):30-40."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"\u041a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0421.\u0412., \u0420\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0418.\u0413., \u0418\u0441\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415.\u0412. \u042d\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0443 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c II \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430. \u041a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041d\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b. 2001;3:35-37."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1600"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brands AMA, Biessels GJ, de Haan EHF, Kappelle LJ, Kessels RPC The effects of type 1 diabetes on cognitive performance. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:726-735.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.3.726"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaudieri PA, Chen R, Greer TF, Holmes CS. Cognitive function in children with type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1892-1897.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-2132"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsn074"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahlquist G, K\u00e4ll\u00e9n B. Swedish Childhood Diabetes Study Group. School performance in children with type 1 diabetes \u2014 a population-based register study. Diabetologia. 2007;50:957-964.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0615-2"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2232"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0697"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0348"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1445"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferguson SC, Blane A, Wardlaw J, Frier BM, Perros P, McCrimmon RJ, Ian J, Deary IJ. Influence of an early-onset age of type 1 diabetes on cerebral structure and cognitive function. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1431-1437.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.6.1431"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0179"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1388"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1883-9"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0696"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0589"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perantie DC, Wu J, Koller JM, Lim A, Warren SL, Black KJ, Sadler M, White NH, Hershey T. Regional brain volume differences associated with hyperglycemia and severe hypoglycemia in youth with type 1 diabetes. DiabetesCare. 2007;30:2331-2337.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0351"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"\u042f\u043d\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421.\u041d. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0437\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0442\u0435 2 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 (\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435): \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444. \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441. ... \u0434-\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0434. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a.\u0421\u041f\u0431.; 2014."},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041f.\u0420., \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041c.\u042e., \u0427\u0443\u0433\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041b.\u0410., \u0423\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0425.\u042f., \u042f\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410.\u041d., \u0427\u0443\u0433\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u0412. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u041b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e. 2005;3:67-73."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"\u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0418.\u0412. \u041a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0443 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c 2 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0441 \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0437\u0433\u0430: \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444. \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441. ... \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434. \u043c\u0435\u0434. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a. \u041c.; 2009."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1196"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2014.04.020"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1242"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malone JI, Hanna S, Saporta S, Mervis RF, Park CR, Chong L, Diamond DM. Hyperglycemia not hypoglycemia alters neuronal dendrites and impairs spatial memory. Pediatric Diabetes. 2008;9:531-539.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2008.00431.x"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaurin J, Franklin T, Chakrabartty A, Fraser PE. Phosphatidylinositol and inositol involvement in Alzheimer amyloid-beta fibril growth and arrest. J Mol Biol. 1998;278:183-194.","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1998.1677"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi15-0034"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malone JI, Hanna S, Saporta S, Mervis RF, Park CR, Chong L, Diamond DM. Hyperglycemia NOT hypoglycemia alters neuronal dendrites and impairs spatial memory. Pediatric Diabetes. 2008;9:531-539.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2008.00431.x"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0973"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1181"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0789-y"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn221"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahlquist G, K\u00e4ll\u00e9n B. School marks for Swedish children whose mothers had diabetes during pregnancy: a population-based study. Diabetologia. 2007;50:1826-1831.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0744-7"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi15-0011"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Porte D Jr, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW. Insulin signaling in the central nervous system: a critical role in metabolic homeostasis and disease from C. elegans to humans. Diabetes. 2005;54:1264-1276."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0076-8"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1501-x"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0340"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoyer S, Nitsch R. Cerebral excess release of neurotransmitter amino acids subsequent to reduced cere- bral glucose metabolism in early-onset dementia of Alzheimer type. J. Neural Transm. 1989;75:227-232.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01258634"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Hoyer S. Brain glucose and energy metabolism abnormalities in sporadic Alzheimer disease. Causes and consequences: an update. Exp Gerontol. 2000;35:1363-1372."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoyer S. Glucose metabolism and insulin receptor signal transduction in Alzheimer disease. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004;490:115-125.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.02.049"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steen E, Terry BM, Rivera EJ, Cannon JL, Neely TR, Tavares R, Xu XJ, Wands JR, de la Monte SM. Impaired insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and signaling mechanisms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease \u2014 is this type 3 diabetes? J Alzheimers Dis. 2005;7:63-80.","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2005-7107"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera EJ, Goldin A, Fulmer N, Tavares R, Wands JR, de la Monte SM. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and function deteriorate with progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: link to brain reductions in acetylcholine. J Alzheimers Dis. 2005;8:247-268.","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2005-8304"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedict C, Dodt C, Hallschmid M, Lepiorz M, Fehm HL, Born J, Kern W. Immediate but not long-term intranasal administration of insulin raises blood pressure in human beings. Metabolism. 2005;54:1356-1361.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.04.026"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2606"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.233"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2007.06.012"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorne RG, Pronk GJ, Padmanabhan V, Frey WH 2nd. Delivery of insulin-like growth factor-I to the rat brain and spinal cord along olfactory and trigeminal pathways following intranasal administration. Neuroscience. 2004;127:481-496.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.05.029"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-9-S3-S5"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1672"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1000"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reger MA, Watson GS, Green PS, Baker LD, Cholerton B, Fishel MA, Plymate SR, Cherrier MM, Schellenberg GD, Frey Ii WH, Craft S. Intranasal Insulin Administration Dose-Dependently Modulates Verbal Memory and Plasma Amyloid-beta in Memory-Impaired Older Adults. J Alzheimer Dis. 2008;13:323-331.","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2008-13309"}],"container-title":["Terapevticheskii arkhiv"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ter-arkhiv.ru\/0040-3660\/article\/viewFile\/32649\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ter-arkhiv.ru\/0040-3660\/article\/viewFile\/32649\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T13:07:38Z","timestamp":1657544858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ter-arkhiv.ru\/0040-3660\/article\/view\/32649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,15]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17116\/terarkh201688682-86","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-5342","0040-3660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-5342","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0040-3660","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,15]]}}}