{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:09:50Z","timestamp":1788491390303,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"DOI":"10.17269\/cjph.108.5951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]],"date-time":"2017-09-14T20:16:20Z","timestamp":1505420180000},"page":"e229-e239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Fluoride exposure and reported learning disability diagnosis among Canadian children: Implications for community water fluoridation"],"prefix":"10.17269","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Barberio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Qui\u00f1onez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. Shaun","family":"Hosein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"McLaren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"10803229_CR1","first-page":"855","volume":"321","author":"M McDonagh","year":"2000","unstructured":"McDonagh M, Whiting P, Bradley M, Cooper J, Sutton A, Chestnutt I, et al. A Systematic Review of Public Water Fluoridation. University of York: NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 2000. (Report 18). [shorter version published in BMJ 2000;321:855\u2013859].","journal-title":"A Systematic Review of Public Water Fluoridation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10803229_CR2","first-page":"39","volume":"9","author":"CA Yeung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yeung CA. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation. Evid BasedDent 2008;9(2):39\u201343. PMID: 18584000. doi: 10.1038\/sj.ebd.6400578.","journal-title":"Evid BasedDent"},{"key":"10803229_CR3","volume-title":"Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality","author":"Health Canada.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Health Canada. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality. Guideline Technical Document. Fluoride. Ottawa, ON: Ministry of Health, 2010. Available at: \n                    https:\/\/www.canada.ca\n                    \n                  \/en\/health-canada\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/guidelines-canadian-drinking-water-quality-guideline-technical-document-fluoride.html (Accessed August 24, 2017)."},{"key":"10803229_CR4","volume-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","author":"Z Iheozor-Ejiofor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Worthington HV, Walsh T, O\u2019Malley L, Clarkson JE, Macey R, et al. Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(6):CD010856. doi: 10.1002\/14651858.CD010856.pub2."},{"issue":"1","key":"10803229_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-008-9136-9","volume":"8","author":"DL Ozsvath","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ozsvath DL. Fluoride and environmental health: A review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol. 2009;8(1):59\u201379. doi: 10.1007\/s11157-008-9136-9.","journal-title":"Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"10803229_CR6","volume-title":"Drinking water fluoridation in Canada: Review and synthesis of published literature","author":"L McLaren","year":"2011","unstructured":"McLaren L, McIntyre L. Drinking water fluoridation in Canada: Review and synthesis of published literature. Ottawa, ON: Public Health Agency of Canada, 2011."},{"key":"10803229_CR7","volume-title":"Health Effects of Water Fluoridation","author":"M Sutton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sutton M, Kiersey R, Farragher L, Long J. Health Effects of Water Fluoridation. Dublin, Ireland: Health Research Board, 2015. Available at: \n                    http:\/\/www.hrb.ie\n                    \n                  \/uploads\/tx_hrbpublications\/Health_Effects_of_Water_Fluoridation.pdf (Accessed September 1, 2016)."},{"issue":"6","key":"10803229_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e413","DOI":"10.17269\/CJPH.106.5031","volume":"106","author":"PC Podgorny","year":"2015","unstructured":"Podgorny PC, McLaren L. Public perceptions and scientific evidence for perceived harms\/risks of community water fluoridation: An examination of online comments pertaining to fluoridation cessation in Calgary in 2011. Can J Public Health 2015;106(6):e413\u201325. PMID: 26680434. doi: 10.17269\/cjph.106.5031.","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"10803229_CR9","volume-title":"Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA\u2019s Standards","author":"National Research Council NRC.","year":"2006","unstructured":"National Research Council (NRC). Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA\u2019s Standards. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2006."},{"issue":"3","key":"10803229_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70278-3","volume":"13","author":"P Grandjean","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. Neurobehavioural effects of developmental toxicity. Lancet Neurol 2014;13(3):330\u201338. PMID: 24556010. doi: 10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70278-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10803229_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0003-1","volume":"14","author":"AJ Malin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Malin AJ, Till C. Exposure to fluoridated water and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States: An ecological association. Environ Health 2015;14(1):1\u201310. PMID: 25890329. doi: 10.1186\/s12940-015-0003-1.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10803229_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104912","volume":"120","author":"AL Choi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Choi AL, Sun G, Zhang Y, Grandjean P. Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2012;120(10):1362\u201368. PMID: 22820538. doi: 10.1289\/ehp.1104912.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10803229_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.84683","volume":"29","author":"PK Shivaprakash","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shivaprakash PK, Ohri K, Noorani H. Relation between dental fluorosis and intelligence quotient in school children of Bagalkot district. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2011;29(2):117\u201320. PMID: 21911949. doi: 10.4103\/0970-4388.84683.","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"10803229_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.98213","volume":"3","author":"S Saxena","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saxena S, Sahay A, Goel P. Effect of fluoride exposure on the intelligence of school children in Madhya Pradesh, India. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2012; 3(2):144\u201349. PMID: 22865964. doi: 10.4103\/0976-3147.98213.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"10803229_CR15","first-page":"813","volume":"42","author":"R Nagarajappa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nagarajappa R, Pujara P, Sharda AJ, Asawa K, Tak M, Aapaliya P, et al. Comparative assessment of intelligence quotient among children living in high and low fluoride areas of Kutch, India - a pilot study. Iran J Public Health 2013;42(8):813\u201318. PMID: 26056634.","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10803229_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5603\/IMH.2014.0017","volume":"65","author":"K Asawa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asawa K, Pujara P, Thakkar JP, Pandya BG, Sharma AR, Pareek S, et al. Assessment of intelligence quotient among schoolchildren of fishermen community of Kutch, Gujarat, India. Int Marit Health 2014;65(2):73\u201378. PMID: 25231330. doi: 10.5603\/IMH.2014.0017.","journal-title":"Int Marit Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10803229_CR17","first-page":"221","volume":"9","author":"B Seraj","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seraj B, Shahrabi M, Shadfar M, Ahmadi R, Fallahzadeh M, Eslamlu HF, et al. Effect of high water fluoride concentration on the intellectual development of children in Makoo\/Iran. J Dent (Tehran) 2012;9(3):221\u201329. PMID: 23119131.","journal-title":"J Dent (Tehran)"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"10803229_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S579","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2007001600018","volume":"23","author":"Diana Rocha-Amador","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rocha-Amador D, Navarro ME, Carrizales L, Morales R, Calderon J. Decreased intelligence in children and exposure to fluoride and arsenic in drinking water. Cad Saude Publica 2007;:S579\u201387. PMID: 18038039. doi: 10.1590\/S0102-311X2007001600018.","journal-title":"Cadernos de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10803229_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.12.097","volume":"186","author":"Y Ding","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ding Y, Sun H, Han H, Wang W, Ji X, Liu X, Sun D. The relationships between low levels of urine fluoride on children\u2019s intelligence, dental fluorosis in endemic fluorosis areas in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China. J Hazard Mater 2011;186(2):1942\u201346. PMID: 21237562. doi: 10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.12.097.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"10803229_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2014.11.001","volume":"47","author":"AL Choi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choi AL, Zhang Y, Sun G, Bellinger DC, Wang K, Yang XJ, et al. Association of lifetime exposure to fluoride and cognitive functions in Chinese children: A pilot study. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015;47:96\u2013101. PMID: 25446012. doi: 10.1016\/j.ntt.2014.11.001.","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10803229_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301857","volume":"105","author":"JM Broadbent","year":"2015","unstructured":"Broadbent JM, Thomson WM, Ramrakha S, Moffitt TE, Zeng J, Foster, et al. Community water fluoridation and intelligence: Prospective study in New Zealand. Am J Public Health 2015;105(1):72\u201376. PMID: 24832151. doi: 10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301857.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10803229_CR22","volume-title":"Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). Data User Guide: Cycle 2","author":"Statistics Canada.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). Data User Guide: Cycle 2. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, 2013."},{"key":"10803229_CR23","volume-title":"Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). Data User Guide: Cycle 3","author":"Statistics Canada.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). Data User Guide: Cycle 3. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, 2015."},{"key":"10803229_CR24","volume-title":"Analytic Method for the Determination of Fluoride in Urine (M-186)-Condensed Version for CHMS","author":"Institut national de sant\u00e9 publique du Qu\u00e9bec INSPQ.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Institut national de sant\u00e9 publique du Qu\u00e9bec (INSPQ). Analytic Method for the Determination of Fluoride in Urine (M-186)-Condensed Version for CHMS. Qu\u00e9bec, QC: Centre de toxicologie du Qu\u00e9bec, 2009."},{"key":"10803229_CR25","volume-title":"Second Report on Human Biomonitoring of Environmental Chemicals in Canada: Results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycle 2 (2009\u20132011)","author":"Health Canada.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Health Canada. Second Report on Human Biomonitoring of Environmental Chemicals in Canada: Results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycle 2 (2009\u20132011). Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, 2013."},{"issue":"g17","key":"10803229_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"82","author":"L McLaren","year":"2016","unstructured":"McLaren L. Fluoridation exposure status based on location of data collection in the Canadian Health Measures Survey: Is it valid? J Can Dent Assoc 2016; 82(g17):1\u20137. PMID: 27548663.","journal-title":"J Can Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10803229_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800102","volume":"8","author":"JL Schafer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schafer JL. Multiple imputation: A primer. Stat Methods Med Res 1999;8:3\u201315. PMID: 10347857.","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10803229_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491513000408","volume":"130","author":"B Gooch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gooch B, Goodman J, Gracia JN, Griffin SO, Grummer-Strawn L, Hirschman J, et al. US Public Health Service recommendation for fluoride concentration in drinking water for the prevention of dental caries. Public Health Rep 2015; 130(4):318\u201331. PMID: 26346489. doi: 10.1177\/003335491513000408.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10803229_CR29","first-page":"451","volume":"75","author":"D Rabb-Waytowich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rabb-Waytowich D. Water fluoridation in Canada: Past and present. J Can Dent Assoc 2009;75:451\u201354. PMID: 19627654.","journal-title":"J Can Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10803229_CR30","volume-title":"Community Water Fluoridation: Fluoridation Statistics","author":"Centers for Disease ControlPrevention.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Community Water Fluoridation: Fluoridation Statistics. Available at: \n                    https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\n                    \n                  \/fluoridation\/statistics\/reference_stats.htm (Accessed March 15, 2017)."},{"key":"10803229_CR31","volume-title":"ADHD","author":"Learning Disabilities Association of America.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Learning Disabilities Association of America. ADHD. Available at: \n                    https:\/\/www.ldaamerica.org\n                    \n                  \/types-of-learning-disabilities\/adhd\/ (Accessed June 20, 2017)."},{"issue":"4","key":"10803229_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijd.2013.05.002","volume":"4","author":"A Mehta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mehta A. Biomarkers of fluoride exposure in human body. Indian J Dent 2013; 4(4):207\u201310. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijd.2013.05.002.","journal-title":"Indian J Dent"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.17269\/CJPH.108.5951\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.17269\/CJPH.108.5951.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.17269\/CJPH.108.5951.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T09:09:29Z","timestamp":1570093769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.17269\/CJPH.108.5951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10803229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17269\/cjph.108.5951","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-4263","1920-7476"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-4263","type":"print"},{"value":"1920-7476","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 October 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}