{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T18:39:44Z","timestamp":1763059184502,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011094","name":"Public Health Agency of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In the first year of pandemic measures, opioid-related deaths across Ontario\u2019s (ON) 34 public health units (PHUs) increased by 60%. Death rates for all seven Northern ON PHUs were above the provincial average. This study describes and compares factors surrounding opioid-related deaths before and after pandemic measures were introduced, for Northern ON compared to the rest of ON.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Aggregate data were provided for Northern ON and the rest of the province by the Office of the Chief Coroner\/Ontario Forensic Pathology Services. Opioid-related deaths were cohorted by date of death for the year before and after pandemic measures were introduced on March 16, 2020. Chi-square tests were used to compare between cohorts and geographies to determine significant differences for each variable, and for dichotomized levels within variables. <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-values\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 were considered statistically significant a priori.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In Northern ON, the number of opioid-related deaths approximately doubled from the pre-pandemic cohort (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009185) to the early pandemic cohort (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009365). Compared to the rest of ON, higher proportions of deaths occurred in Northern ON among individuals who lived and died in private residences, among women (although the majority of decedents were male) and among individuals employed in mining, quarrying, and oil and gas industries. Compared to the pre-pandemic year, in Northern ON, higher proportions of opioid-related deaths involved fentanyl and stimulants as direct contributors, and the majority involved evidence of inhaled drugs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Differences between the circumstances of death in Northern ON and\u00a0in the rest of ON suggest opportunities to tailor interventions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-024-00906-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T03:02:06Z","timestamp":1722308526000},"page":"344-355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Opioid-related deaths in Northern Ontario in the early COVID-19 pandemic period"],"prefix":"10.17269","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0736-9316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Nunn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9674-6592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Perri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilary","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John P. D.","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. K. Jennifer","family":"Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Tuinema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"906_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Albion, C., Shkrum, M., & Cairns, J. (2010). Contributing factors to methadone-related deaths in Ontario. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 31(4), 313\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181ca4b1e","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181ca4b1e"},{"key":"906_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali, F., Russell, C., Nafeh, F., Rehm, J., LeBlanc, S., & Elton-Marshall, T. (2021). 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C.37, as amended. Ethics approval was not obtained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}