{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T01:11:37Z","timestamp":1781140297007,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-063318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-063318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can J Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The celebrated 1980 announcement that smallpox had been eradicated was made using the following definition of eradication: \u201cPermanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts: intervention measures are no longer needed.\u201d Public health around the world works with this definition of \u201ceradication,\u201d setting it as a goal for other infectious disease control programs. The definition is simple. Its application, however, has produced long-running and complex public health campaigns that threaten the commitment of funders, health care providers, and governments. In this paper, the authors demonstrate the disease-specific challenges of eradication through the example of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). While many deem eradication worth its high costs because it is the end of morbidity and mortality from a disease, it does not mean the end of disease control efforts. Public health must be prepared for the possibility of disease reoccurrence in the form of undetected natural reservoirs of disease, lab leaks from stored samples, bioterror attacks using stolen samples, and the synthetic recreation of microbes. This paper clarifies the role of reoccurrence prevention in eradication, calling for its addition in the definition of eradication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-024-00947-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T14:02:09Z","timestamp":1727877729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The challenging concept of eradication: A core concept guiding and frustrating public health"],"prefix":"10.17269","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2435-3973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Caplan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7925-4640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Mamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"947_CR1","unstructured":"Abraham, T. (2018). Polio: The odyssey of eradication. Hurst & Company."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"947_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S283","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu295","volume":"210","author":"CC Burns","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burns, C. C., Diop, O. M., Sutter, R. W., & Kew, O. M. (2014). Vaccine-derived polioviruses. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 210(suppl 1), S283\u2013S293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiu295","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"947_CR3","unstructured":"CDC. (1993). Recommendations of the International Task Force for Disease Eradication. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/00025967.htm. Accessed 24 Jul 2024."},{"key":"947_CR4","unstructured":"Dowdle, W. R. (1998). The principles of disease elimination and eradication. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 76 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), 22\u201325."},{"key":"947_CR5","unstructured":"GPEI. (2021). Polio Eradication Strategy 2022\u20132026: Delivering on a promise. Global Polio Eradication Initiative."},{"key":"947_CR6","unstructured":"GPEI. (2023, December 4). GPEI-surveillance indicators. Global Polio Eradication Initiative. https:\/\/polioeradication.org\/polio-today\/polio-now\/surveillance-indicators\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"947_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00035-6","volume":"41","author":"P Greenough","year":"1995","unstructured":"Greenough, P. (1995). Intimidation, coercion and resistance in the final stages of the South Asian Smallpox Eradication Campaign, 1973\u20131975. Social Science & Medicine, 41(5), 633\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00035-6","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"947_CR8","unstructured":"Henderson, D. A. (2009). Smallpox: The death of a disease: The inside story of eradicating a worldwide killer. Prometheus Books."},{"key":"947_CR9","volume-title":"The deadly rise of anti-science: A scientist\u2019s warning","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hotez, P. J. (2023). The deadly rise of anti-science: A scientist\u2019s warning. Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"947_CR10","unstructured":"Orenstein, W. A., Offit, P. A., Edwards, K. M., & Plotkin, S. A. (Eds.). (2022). Plotkin\u2019s vaccines (8th edition). Elsevier."},{"issue":"9","key":"947_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00920","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00920-20","volume":"58","author":"AG Shaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shaw, A. G., Majumdar, M., Troman, C., O\u2019Toole, \u00c1., Benny, B., Abraham, D., Praharaj, I., Kang, G., Sharif, S., Alam, M. M., Shaukat, S., Angez, M., Khurshid, A., Mahmood, N., Arshad, Y., Rehman, L., Mujtaba, G., Akthar, R., Salman, M., & Grassly, N. (2020). Rapid and sensitive direct detection and identification of poliovirus from stool and environmental surveillance samples by use of nanopore sequencing. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 58(9), e00920-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00920-20","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"16","key":"947_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.17159","volume":"328","author":"K Walter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walter, K., & Malani, P. N. (2022). What is polio? JAMA, 328(16), 1652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2022.17159","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"947_CR13","unstructured":"WHO. (2018). Polio post-certification strategy: A risk mitigation strategy for a polio-free world. World Health Organization."},{"key":"947_CR14","unstructured":"Williams, S. (2020, November 21). \u2018It was a total invasion\u2019: The virus that came back from the dead. 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