{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T01:06:04Z","timestamp":1760403964240,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Association of Basic Medical Sciences of FBIH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomol Biomed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial infections remain a significant cause of mortality worldwide, further aggravated by the escalating issue of antibiotic resistance. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) pose a substantial challenge, capable of hydrolyzing various beta-lactam antibiotics. The slow pace of drug discovery, coupled with the rapid emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, underscores the urgent need for innovative therapeutic solutions. Thymoquinone (TQ), derived from the seeds of Nigella sativa, has demonstrated notable antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli\u00a0and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Previous research has established the efficacy of quinoxaline derivatives, such as 3-hydrazinoquinoxaline-2-thiol (3HQ), against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus\u00a0(MRSA). This study investigates the potential synergy between 3HQ and TQ\u00a0against various clinical strains of ESBL.\u00a0The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of TQ\u00a0and 3HQ were evaluated against 18 clinical ESBL strains, revealing MIC values ranging from 16 to 128 \u00b5g\/mL for both compounds. Furthermore, the interaction between TQ\u00a0and 3HQ was assessed using a checkerboard assay, which demonstrated a 100% synergistic interaction, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of less than 0.5 against the ESBL strains.\u00a0Docking and molecular dynamics simulations indicated that TQ\u00a0exhibits a strong binding affinity and interaction profile comparable to that of RPX-7063. In contrast, 3-hydrazinoquinoxaline-2-thiol targets a different active site, potentially enhancing thymoquinone's binding efficiency. Collectively, these compounds may effectively inhibit CTX-M-15, as evidenced by their docking scores and interaction profiles.\u00a0Further investigations, including in vivo\u00a0studies, are essential to validate these findings. This research suggests a promising strategy for developing more effective treatments for ESBL infections, emphasizing the need for in vivo validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.17305\/bb.2025.12431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T22:00:37Z","timestamp":1754949637000},"page":"412-423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thymoquinone and 3HQ synergy inhibits CTX-M-15 ESBL"],"prefix":"10.17305","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Karem","family":"Ibrahem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alrabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asif","family":"Fatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sameer E.M.","family":"Alharthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hani Zakareya","family":"Asfour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nabil A.","family":"Alhakamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hatoon A.","family":"Niyazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisham N.","family":"Altayb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1698-5444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad M.","family":"Sait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip J.R.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdalbagi","family":"Alfadil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"6922","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"container-title":["Biomolecules and Biomedicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bjbms.org\/ojs\/index.php\/bjbms\/article\/download\/12431\/3983","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bjbms.org\/ojs\/index.php\/bjbms\/article\/download\/12431\/3983","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T22:04:05Z","timestamp":1760393045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjbms.org\/ojs\/index.php\/bjbms\/article\/view\/12431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17305\/bb.2025.12431","relation":{},"ISSN":["2831-090X","2831-0896"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2831-090X"},{"type":"print","value":"2831-0896"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]}}}