{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:51:59Z","timestamp":1791899519069,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Association of Basic Medical Sciences of FBIH","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomol Biomed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer progression is influenced not only by intrinsic tumor alterations but also by reciprocal interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME), a complex ecosystem comprising fibroblasts, immune and endothelial cells, adipocytes, extracellular matrix components, soluble mediators, and extracellular vesicles. This review synthesizes recent basic and translational research on how TME-derived signals activate dysregulated signaling pathways, including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase\/protein kinase B\/mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR), transforming growth factor beta\/SMAD (TGF-\u03b2\/SMAD), Janus kinase\/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK\/STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase\/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK\/ERK), Wingless-related integration site\/beta-catenin (Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin), Notch, Yes-associated protein\/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP\/TAZ), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB). These pathways promote key processes such as invasion, angiogenesis, adaptation to hypoxia, epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition, immune evasion, cancer stemness, and therapy resistance. We emphasize convergent findings that indicate the feedback loop between tumor cells and the TME sustains plasticity and drug-tolerant states. Additionally, we summarize emerging therapeutic strategies, including stromal and extracellular matrix normalization, immunotherapy combinations, pathway-targeted inhibitors, and nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery. A comprehensive understanding of TME\u2013signaling crosstalk is crucial for overcoming therapeutic resistance in breast cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.17305\/bb.2026.13708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T08:49:36Z","timestamp":1772182176000},"page":"1461-1475","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tumor microenvironment and key signaling pathways in breast cancer progression and therapy resistance: A review"],"prefix":"10.17305","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6922","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"container-title":["Biomolecules and Biomedicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bjbms.org\/ojs\/index.php\/bjbms\/article\/download\/13708\/4144","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bjbms.org\/ojs\/index.php\/bjbms\/article\/download\/13708\/4144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T22:01:55Z","timestamp":1778104915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjbms.org\/ojs\/index.php\/bjbms\/article\/view\/13708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17305\/bb.2026.13708","relation":{},"ISSN":["2831-090X","2831-0896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2831-090X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2831-0896","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]}}}