{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:53:01Z","timestamp":1790358781211,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Association of Basic Medical Sciences of FBIH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,20]],"date-time":"2004-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1085011200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomol Biomed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In testing the pre-sale procedure the marketing of drugs and their control in the last ten years,\u00a0high performance liquid chromatographyreplaced numerous spectroscopic methods and gas\u00a0chromatography\u00a0in the quantitative and qualitative\u00a0analysis. In the first period of HPLC application it was thought that it would become a complementary method of gas\u00a0chromatography, however, today it has nearly completely replaced gas\u00a0chromatography\u00a0in\u00a0pharmaceutical analysis. The application of the\u00a0liquid\u00a0mobile phase with the possibility of transformation of mobilized polarity during\u00a0chromatography\u00a0and all other modifications of mobile phase depending upon the characteristics of substance which are being tested, is a great advantage in the process of separation in comparison to other methods. The greater choice of stationary phase is the next factor which enables realization of good separation. The separation line is connected to specific and sensitive detector systems, spectrafluorimeter, diode detector, electrochemical detector as other hyphernated systems HPLC-MS and HPLC-NMR, are the basic elements on which is based such wide and effective application of the HPLC method. The purpose\u00a0high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)\u00a0analysis\u00a0of any drugs is to confirm the identity of a drug and provide quantitative results and also to monitor the progress of the therapy of a disease.1) Measuring presented on the Fig. 1. is chromatogram obtained for the plasma of depressed patients 12 h before oral administration of dexamethasone. It may also be used to further our understanding of the normal and disease process in the human body trough biomedical and therapeutically research during investigation before of the drugs registration. The analyses of drugs and metabolites in biological fluids, particularly plasma, serum or urine is one of the most demanding but one of the most common uses of\u00a0high\u00a0performance\u00a0of\u00a0liquid\u00a0chromatography. Blood, plasma or serum contains numerous endogenous compounds often present in concentrations much greater than those of analyte. Analiyte concentrations are often low, and in the case of drugs, the endogenous compounds are sometimes structurally very similar to the drug to be measured. The binding of drugs to the plasma protein also may occur which decreases the amount of free compound that is measured. To undertake the analyses of drugs and metabolites in body fluids the analyst is facet with several problems. The first problem is due to the complex nature of the body fluid, the drugs must be isolated by an extraction technique, which ideally should provide a relatively clean extract, and the separation system must be capable of resolving the drugs of interest from co extractives. All mentioned when we are using\u00a0high performance liquid chromatography\u00a0require good selections of detectors, good stationary phase, eluents and adequate program during separation. UV\/VIS detector is the most versatile detector used in\u00a0high performance liquid chromatography\u00a0it is not always ideal since it is lack of specificity means\u00a0high\u00a0resolution of the analyte that may be required. UV detection is preferred since it offers excellent linearity and rapid quantitative analyses can be performed against a single standard of the drug being determined. Diode array and rapid scanning detector are useful for peak identification and monitoring peak purity but they are somewhat less sensitive then single wavelength detectors. In\u00a0liquid\u00a0chromatography\u00a0some components may have a poor UV chromophores if UV detection is being used or be completely retained on the\u00a0liquid\u00a0chromatography\u00a0column. Fluorescence and electrochemical detector are not only considerably more sensitive towed appropriate analytes but also more selective than UV detectors for many compounds. If at all possible fluorescence detectors are sensitive, stable, selective and easy to operate. It is selectivity shows itself in the lack of frontal components observed in plasma extract whereas electrochemical detection is nearly always associated with a major frontal peak than tails considerably. To date, the most sensitive method has been the reductive electrochemical detection and giving the excellent results in the investigation on some classes of drugs. Several\u00a0high performance liquid chromatography\u00a0oxidative electrochemical methods have been developed for the analyses of drugs and metabolites in body fluids. Mass spectrometer as specific detector with all variation of ionisation and interface (thermo spray, moving belt etc. ) or\u00a0liquid\u00a0chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2,3,4,5). NMR as selective and specific detector in\u00a0high performance liquid chromatography\u00a0today is also in used. The development of a non-aqueous eluent for ion-exchange separation on silica has provided an excellent system which, when used in conjugation with an electrochemical detector, permits the analyses of an extensive range of especially basic drugs and metabolites. New packing materials such as polymeric, base deactivated silica's, pyrolysed carbon and the internal surface packing should offer the improved stability and higher efficiencies for certain classes of the compounds such as basic drugs. Microbore columns should become more accepted since they offer not only improved sensitivity but also a lower solvent consumption and consequently the reduced needs to dispose of noxious solvents. Many analyses of basic drugs are still performed by the same method of the ion-exchange\u00a0chromatography\u00a0on unmodified silica columns with an eluent buffered to about pH 9. Neutral or weakly acidic drugs for instance barbiturates can be chromatographed on a reversed phase system whilst acidic drugs for example paracetamol, cannabis are separated either by ion suppression or ion-pair\u00a0chromatography\u00a0on a reversed-phase packing material. In micelar\u00a0liquid\u00a0chromatography\u00a0micelar mobile phases in reversed-phase instead of conventional hydro organic mobile phase is used. In micelar\u00a0liquid\u00a0chromatography\u00a0complex electrostatic hydrophobic and steric interactions exist between the solute and both stationary and mobile phases. These enable the effective separation of samples of different nature. The main advantages of the use of a micelar solution in reversed-phase\u00a0liquid\u00a0chromatography\u00a0are the solvent and the lower cost and toxicity, the biodegradability of the solvent and the easy dissolution of analytical samples, that enables the determination of drugs in physiological fluids without the need for previous separation of the proteins present in the samples. Using tetrabutylammonium phosphate as a competing base in the investigation of sulphonamides and heptanes sulfonate as ion pairing reagent. Ion pairing reagent is term used to describe enhanced retention as the result of the addition to the mobile phase of a large ion opposite charge to the molecular ions to be separated. For molecular cations alkyl sulphates or sulfonates are generally utilised.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2004.3405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]],"date-time":"2018-05-30T19:14:23Z","timestamp":1527707663000},"page":"5-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["High performance liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analyses"],"prefix":"10.17305","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Branko","family":"Nikolin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belma","family":"Imamovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saira","family":"Medanhod\u017ei\u0107-Vuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Sober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6922","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,20]]},"container-title":["Biomolecules and Biomedicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bjbms.org\/ojs\/index.php\/bjbms\/article\/download\/3405\/988","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bjbms.org\/ojs\/index.php\/bjbms\/article\/download\/3405\/1341","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bjbms.org\/ojs\/index.php\/bjbms\/article\/download\/3405\/988","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T23:08:22Z","timestamp":1761952102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjbms.org\/ojs\/index.php\/bjbms\/article\/view\/3405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,20]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17305\/bjbms.2004.3405","relation":{},"ISSN":["2831-090X","2831-0896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2831-090X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2831-0896","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,20]]}}}