{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T10:58:05Z","timestamp":1775473085082,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Medical Association of Zenica-Doboj","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicinski Glasnik"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Aim&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;To investigate the efficacy of electrolyzed water against viruses and its safety to the skin.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Methods &amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Virus culture was carried out at level-3 Bio-Safety (BSL3) facilities. The test material was prepared at room temperature&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;mixed with one part virus suspension and one organic load. As an antiseptic and disinfectant control, 0.7% formaldehyde was used. Cytotoxic effects of electrolyzed water were performed on Vero cells. In order to assess the safety of electrolyzed water, a skin sensitivity test was conducted for electrolyzed water exposure.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Results&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Electrolyzed water has a higher value of reduction factor than antiseptic and disinfectant control, formaldehyde, and it&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;was statistically different from control. Cytotoxicity test results on Vero cells showed that electrolyzed water demonstrated safety in Vero cell viability. As many as 58 participants who met the inclusion criteria took electrolyzed water sensitivity test to the skin. The sensitivity test showed that participants with reactions to electrolyzed water were all female, with a mean age of 32.6 years. The patch-test was positive in 3 of 4 participants who reacted to the product.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Conclusion&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Electrolyzed water is effective as a new antiseptic and disinfectant against viruses and safe for human skin.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.17392\/1485-22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T10:28:16Z","timestamp":1713695296000},"page":"229-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The efficacy and safety of electrolyzed water against Covid-19 as an alternative hand sanitizer"],"prefix":"10.17392","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5770-1201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachmat","family":"Hidayat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Sriwijaya","place":["Palembang,Indonesia"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Wulandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cattleya Mental Health Centre","place":["Palembang,Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"49509","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"59","article-title":"From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight","author":"ZSongZ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song, Z, Xu Y, Bao L, Zhang L, Yu P, Qu Y, Zhu \nH, Zhao W, Han Y, Qin C. From SARS to MERS, \nthrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight. Viruses \n2019; 11:59.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"130","article-title":"Emerging viruses without borders: The Wuhan coronavirus","author":"SLiuS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu SL, Saif L. Emerging viruses without borders: \nThe Wuhan coronavirus. Viruses 2020; 12:130.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"514","article-title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster","author":"JChanJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, \nXing F, Liu J, Yip CC, Poon RW, et al. A familial \ncluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 no-\nvel coronavirus indicating person-to-person tran-\nsmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020; \n395:514-23.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"372","article-title":"Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19","author":"YJinY","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan \nG. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and con-\ntrol of COVID-19. Viruses 2020; 12:372.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"36","article-title":"General anxiety disorderrelated coronavirus disease-19 outbreak in Indonesia: a case report","author":"PWulandariP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wulandari P, Hidayat R. General anxiety disorder-\nrelated coronavirus disease-19 outbreak in Indone-\nsia: a case report. Open Access Maced J Med Sci \n2020; 8:36-8.","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"136","article-title":"New clinical applications of electrolyzed water: a review","author":"PYanP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yan P, Daliri EB, Oh DH. New clinical applications \nof electrolyzed water: a review. Microorganisms \n2021; 9:136.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"3326","article-title":"Hand sanitizers: a review on formulation aspects, adverse effects and regulations","author":"JljJingJlj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jing JLJ, Yi TP, Bose RJC, McCarthy JR, Tharma-\nlingam N, Madheswaran T. Hand sanitizers: a review \non formulation aspects, adverse effects and regulati-\nons. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:3326.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"521","article-title":"Sensitive skin: review of an ascending concept","author":"IDuarteI","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duarte I, Silveira JEPS, Hafner MF. Sensitive skin: \nreview of an ascending concept. An Bras Dermatol \n2017; 92:521-5.","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"102","article-title":"Alcohol-based hand sanitizers: review of efficacy and adverse effect","author":"SOlowatuyiS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olowatuyi SV, Agbele AT, Ogunrinde ME, Ayo ATV, \nAyo AM, Fayoke AB, Funmilayo OM, Deborah AA. \nAlcohol-based hand sanitizers: review of efficacy \nand adverse effect. J Health Med Nursing 2020; \n81:102-17.","journal-title":"J Health Med Nursing"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"12","article-title":"Characteristic and use of electrolyzed water in food industries","author":"DAthaydeD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Athayde DR, Flores DRM, Silva JS, Silva MS, Gen-\nro ALG, Wagner R, Campagnol PCB, Menezes CR, \nCichoski AJ. Characteristic and use of electrolyzed \nwater in food industries. Int Food Res J 2018; 25:12-6.","journal-title":"Int Food Res J"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"4348","article-title":"Sanitization efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water again pure cultures of Escheriscia coli, Salmonella enterica, Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus spores, in comparison with different water hardness","author":"HKimH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Tango CN, Chelliah R, Oh DH. Sanitiza-\ntion efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water \nagain pure cultures of Escheriscia coli, Salmonella \nenterica, Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and \nBacillus cereus spores, in comparison with different \nwater hardness. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4348.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"653","article-title":"Efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water for inactivation of human norovirus","author":"EMoormanE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moorman E, Montazeri N, Jaykus LA. Efficacy of \nneutral electrolyzed water for inactivation of human \nnorovirus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 8:e00653-\n17.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"644","article-title":"Novel endogenous simian retroviral integrations in Vero cells: implications for quality control of a human vaccine cell substrate","author":"CSakumaC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sakuma C, Sekizuka T, Kuroda M, Kasai F, Saito \nK, Ikeda M, Yamaji T, Osada N, Hanada K. Novel \nendogenous simian retroviral integrations in Vero \ncells: implications for quality control of a human \nvaccine cell substrate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:644.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.01.009","article-title":"Current guidelines for the evaluation and management of atopic dermatitis: a comparison of the joint task force practice parameter and American Academy of Dermatology guidelines","author":"LEichenfieldL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eichenfield LF, Ahluwalia J, Waldman A, Borok J, \nUdkoff J, Boguniewicz M. Current guidelines for the \nevaluation and management of atopic dermatitis: a \ncomparison of the joint task force practice parameter \nand American Academy of Dermatology guidelines. \nJ Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:S49-57.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acidic electrolyzed water potently inactivates SARS-CoV-2 depending on the amount of free available chlorine contacting with the virus","author":"YTakedaY","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takeda Y, Uchiumi H, Matsuda S, Ogawa H. Aci-\ndic electrolyzed water potently inactivates SARS-\nCoV-2 depending on the amount of free available \nchlorine contacting with the virus. Biochem Biophys \nRes Commun. 2020; 530:1-3.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1461","article-title":"Hypochlorous acid: A review","author":"MBlockM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Block MS, Rowan BG. Hypochlorous acid: A re-\nview. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 78:1461-6.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1314","article-title":"In vitro biocompatibility study approaches to evaluate the safety profile of electrolyzed water for skin and eye","author":"HSipahiH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sipahi H, Reis R, Dinc O, Kavaz T, Dimoglo A, \nAydin A. In vitro biocompatibility study approaches \nto evaluate the safety profile of electrolyzed water for \nskin and eye. Human Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:1314-26.","journal-title":"Human Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1321","article-title":"Application of electrolysed oxidising water as a sanitiser to extend the shelf-life of seafood products: a review","author":"FDewiF","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dewi FR, Stanley R, Powell SM, Burke CM. Appli-\ncation of electrolysed oxidising water as a sanitiser \nto extend the shelf-life of seafood products: a review. \nJ Food Sci Technol 2017; 54:1321-32.","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Effects of strong acidic electrolyzed water in wound healing via inflammatory and oxidative stress response","author":"AFadriquelaA","year":"2020. 2459826","unstructured":"Fadriquela A, Sajo MEJ, Bajgai J, Kim DH, Kin \nCS, Kim SK, Lee KJ. Effects of strong acidic \nelectrolyzed water in wound healing via inflamma-\ntory and oxidative stress response. Oxid Med Cell \nLongev 2020; 2459826.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"713","article-title":"Irritant and allergic contact dermatitis-skin lesion characteristics","author":"GNovak-BilicG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Novak-Bilic G, Vucic M, Japundzic I, Mestrovic-\nStefekov J, Lugovic-Mihic L. Irritant and allergic \ncontact dermatitis-skin lesion characteristics. Acta \nClin Croat 2018; 57:713-20.","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat"}],"container-title":["Medicinski Glasnik"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/medicinskiglasnik.ba\/article\/242\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/medicinskiglasnik.ba\/article\/242\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T09:44:34Z","timestamp":1775468674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medicinskiglasnik.ba\/article\/id\/302\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17392\/1485-22","archive":["Internet Archive"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1840-0132","1840-0132"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1840-0132","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1840-0132","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]}}}