{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:28:26Z","timestamp":1786123706772,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Medical Association of Zenica-Doboj","issue":"2","funder":[{"name":"Medical Faculty of Universitas Brawijaya"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MG"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: To explore differences in exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and serum interleukin-12 (IL-12) levels between lung cancer patients and healthy controls, and their potential relationship with tumour-related metabolic and systemic immune alterations.\nMethods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving lung cancer patients and healthy controls. Exhaled breath samples were analysed using the \u00b5\u03b2reath sensor to quantify VOCs, including total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)(1), TVOC(2), acetone, formaldehyde, toluene, hexane, and methane. Serum IL\u201112 levels were measured via ELISA. Significant limitations such as age mismatch, unvalidated sensor data, and potential confounders (smoking, chemotherapy, diet, environmental VOCs) were acknowledged.\nResults: Lung cancer patients exhibited significantly higher TVOC(1) and TVOC(2) levels, and higher acetone levels, while formaldehyde, toluene, hexane, and methane levels were lower than in controls. Serum IL\u201112 levels were markedly lower in patients, reflecting systemic immune modulation rather than direct diagnostic specificity. ROC analysis indicated high sensitivity for certain VOCs, but specificity remained limited, suggesting that these markers were exploratory rather than definitive diagnostic tools. No significant correlation was observed between VOCs and IL\u201112 levels.\nConclusion: Differences in exhaled VOC profiles and serum IL-12 levels provide preliminary insight into tumour-related metabolic and immune alterations in lung cancer. However, due to major methodological limitations, particularly age mismatch and incomplete sensor validation, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Exhaled VOCs and IL-12 should be considered hypothesis-generating exploratory biomarkers that require validation in larger, age-matched cohorts using gold-standard analytical techniques and multivariate modelling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.17392\/medglas-2189-23-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:50:21Z","timestamp":1786117821000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Significant differences in volatile organic compounds and interleukin-12 (IL-12) serum levels between lung cancer patients and healthy controls: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.17392","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0424-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marsha","family":"Nurandhini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Department, Medical Faculty of Universitas Brawijaya \u2013 Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ungky Agus","family":"Setyawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Department, Medical Faculty of Universitas Brawijaya \u2013 Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya Sri","family":"Listyoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Department, Medical Faculty of Universitas Brawijaya \u2013 Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanthy","family":"Djajalaksana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Department, Medical Faculty of Universitas Brawijaya \u2013 Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arinto Yudi","family":"Ponco Wardoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"49509","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"container-title":["Medicinski glasnik"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/medicinskiglasnik.ba\/article\/635\/galley\/691\/download\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:50:22Z","timestamp":1786117822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medicinskiglasnik.ba\/article\/id\/635\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17392\/medglas-2189-23-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1840-0132","1840-2445"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1840-0132","type":"print"},{"value":"1840-2445","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"article-number":"635"}}