{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:39:37Z","timestamp":1773805177687,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Riga Technical University","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ETR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u00a0Sustainable transport provision in a country with low population density, a relatively small population and relatively low numbers of tourists is significant for transition toward a greener, more inclusive, and cost-efficient transport system.\u00a0\u00a0 Latvia's transport policy aligns with the European Green Deal, which aims to shift towards sustainable and smart mobility. While prime concerns are carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and developing a multimodal public transport network with rail as its backbone and inclusive mobility, transport poverty has not been a priority. To ensure truly inclusive mobility in terms of transport poverty as well, a holistic approach is needed\u2014one that unites social and environmental considerations into transport planning through targeted subsidies, expanded rural transport services and equality in less populated and remote areas, and investments in multimodal infrastructure. The aim of this study is to analyze the current state of sustainable people mobility in Latvia, focusing on the interaction between environmental goals and active transport, accessibility and social equity. Particularly focus on the problem of transport poverty, which is a key challenge for achieving inclusive mobility, especially for the most disadvantaged populations. This study uses the transport poverty indicators mentioned in the European Commission\u2019s final report (2024) on transport poverty and data from various sources to identify the situation in Latvia and the European Union. Such a study has not been conducted before in Latvia. This study contributes to the growing discourse on sustainable mobility, highlighting the critical need to address transport poverty in the context of Latvia. Key findings include proposals for promoting active mobility and the transition to low-emission vehicle technologies, as well as how to make mobility more equitable. The results show that Latvia has made progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and implementing a public transport policy. Although obstacles such as uneven infrastructure development, the high cost of sustainable transport options and the lack of integration of urban and rural transport networks continue to perpetuate inequalities in mobility access.\u00a0<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.17770\/etr2025vol1.8622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T02:38:49Z","timestamp":1749695929000},"page":"205-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CRITICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ADVANCING SUSTAINABLE PEOPLE MOBILITY IN LATVIA: FROM TRANSPORT POVERTY TO SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY"],"prefix":"10.17770","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"M\u0101ra","family":"Gr\u012bnberga-\u0160ilaua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dita","family":"Zem\u012bte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"84687","unstructured":"United Nations, \u201cThe 17 sustainable development goals,\u201d United Nations, 2024. 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Smyth, \u201cTransport poverty and subjective wellbeing,\u201d Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol. 124, pp. 40\u201354, Jun. 2019. [Online]. Available: ScienceDirect, https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0965856418313806. [Accessed: Feb. 11, 2025], https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2019.03.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2019.03.004"},{"key":"84691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Lucas, G. Mattioli., A. Verlinghieri and A.Guzman. Transport poverty and its adverse social consequences, 2016. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport, 169(6), 353\u2013365. [Online]. Available: ICE, https:\/\/www.icevirtuallibrary.com\/doi\/10.1680\/jtran.15.00073. [Accessed: Feb. 11, 2025], https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1680\/jtran.15.00073","DOI":"10.1680\/jtran.15.00073"},{"key":"84692","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.Lucas, B.Van Wee., and K. Maat. 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Cherche Midi, 2022."},{"key":"84707","unstructured":"The European Commission, \u201cSocial Climate Fund - European Commission,\u201d2025. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/climate.ec.europa.eu\/eu-action\/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets\/social-climate-fund_en. [Accessed Feb. 11, 2025]."},{"key":"84708","unstructured":"European Commission: Directorate-General for Climate Action, Ludden, V., Laine, A., Vondung, F., Koska, T. et al., Support for the implementation of the Social Climate Fund \u2013 Note on good practices for cost-effective measures and investments, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2834\/602067. [Accessed Feb. 11, 2025]."},{"key":"84709","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Sz\u00e9kely and J. Novotn\u00fd, \u201cPublic transport-disadvantaged rural areas in relation to daily accessibility of regional centre: Case study from Slovakia,\u201d Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 92, pp. 1\u201316, May 2022. [Online]. Available: Elsavier, https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0743016722000547?via%3Dihub. [Accessed: Feb. 18, 2025], https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2022.03.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2022.03.015"},{"key":"84710","unstructured":"Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Mobility of Latvian population, MOB209. Number of passenger-kilometers travelled per year by mode of transport used in short trips (&lt; 300 km), Official statistics portal, 2021. [Online] Available: https:\/\/data.stat.gov.lv\/pxweb\/en\/OSP_OD\/OSP_OD__apsekojumi__mobilitate\/MOB209.px\/. [Accessed: Feb. 26, 2025]."},{"key":"84711","unstructured":"Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Motor vehicles, TRC012. Registered electric vehicles in regions, State cities and municipalities at the beginning of year 2010 - 2024 ), Official statistics portal, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/data.stat.gov.lv\/pxweb\/en\/OSP_PUB\/START__NOZ__TR__TRC\/TRC012\/table\/tableViewLayout1\/. [Accessed: Feb. 26, 2025]."},{"key":"84712","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Page et al., \u201c(non-)terrestrial and (non-)local pathways of behavioral policy diffusion in European cities\u2019 climate action plans: Contextual, cultural, and leadership framing,\u201d Land Use Policy, vol. 147, p. 107373, Dec. 2024. [Online]. Available: ScienceDirect, https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0264837724003260. [Accessed Feb. 11, 2025], https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landusepol.2024.107373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2024.107373"},{"key":"84713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Arhipova et al., \u201cMunicipal Transport route planning based on Fair Mobility Budget,\u201d Rural Sustainability Research, vol. 50, no. 345, pp. 44\u201358, Dec. 2023. [Online]. Available: ResearchGate, https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/377606249_Municipal_Transport_Route_Planning_Based_on_Fair_Mobility_Budget. [Accessed: Feb. 11, 2025], doi:10.2478\/plua-2023-0014","DOI":"10.2478\/plua-2023-0014"},{"key":"84714","unstructured":"D. Bernier, \u201cVers une mobilit\u00e9 raisonn\u00e9e,\u201d Qu\u00e9bec Science, Feb. 23, 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.quebecscience.qc.ca\/publireportage\/mobilite-raisonnee\/. [Accessed Feb. 26, 2025]."},{"key":"84715","unstructured":"G. Uster, Service de mobilit\u00e9 et d\u2019information: Innovation et recherche, DOC FRANCAISE, 978-2110071965, 2008, pp. 78-80."},{"key":"84716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Verhorst, X. Fu. and D. van Lierop. Definitions matter: investigating indicators for transport poverty using different measurement tools. Eur. Transp. Res. Rev. 15, 21 (2023). [Online]. Available: BioMed Central, https:\/\/etrr.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12544-023-00596-z. [Accessed: Feb. 26, 2025], https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12544-023-00596-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s12544-023-00596-z"},{"key":"84717","unstructured":"Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Mobility of Latvian population, MOB204. Average number of trips, distance and time per person per day by main mode of transport for short trips (&lt;300 km) within the respective group of transport mode, Official statistics portal, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/data.stat.gov.lv\/pxweb\/en\/OSP_OD\/OSP_OD__apsekojumi__mobilitate\/MOB204.px\/. [Accessed: Feb. 11, 2025]."},{"key":"84718","unstructured":"Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Mobility of Latvian population MOB204. Average number of trips, distance and time per person per day by main mode of transport for short trips (&lt;300 km) within the respective group of transport mode, Official statistics portal, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/data.stat.gov.lv\/pxweb\/en\/OSP_OD\/OSP_OD__apsekojumi__mobilitate\/MOB204.px\/. [Accessed: Feb. 11, 2025]."},{"key":"84719","unstructured":"Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Household expenditure (HBS). Table MBI020. Composition and structure of consumption expenditure average per household member per month (euro; per cent), Official statistics portal, 2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/data.stat.gov.lv\/pxweb\/en\/OSP_PUB\/START__POP__MB__MBI\/MBI020\/. [Accessed: Feb. 11, 2025]."},{"key":"84720","unstructured":"Eurostat, Material deprivation and durables, Table ilc_mddu05. Persons who cannot afford a personal car, Europa.eu, 2025. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/product\/page\/ILC_MDDU05. [Accessed: Feb. 11, 2025]."},{"key":"84721","unstructured":"Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Mobility of Latvian population MOB204. Average number of trips, distance and time per person per day by main mode of transport for short trips (&lt;300 km) within the respective group of transport mode, Official statistics portal, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/data.stat.gov.lv\/pxweb\/en\/OSP_OD\/OSP_OD__apsekojumi__mobilitate\/MOB204.px\/. [Accessed: Feb. 11, 2025]."},{"key":"84722","unstructured":"Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Household expenditure (HBS). Table MBI150. Detailed composition of household consumption expenditure (ECOICOP) on average per household member annually (euros) 2002 - 2019, Official statistics portal, 2020. [Online] Available: https:\/\/data.stat.gov.lv\/pxweb\/en\/OSP_PUB\/START__POP__MB__MBI\/MBI150\/. [Accessed: Feb. 18, 2025]."},{"key":"84723","unstructured":"Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Mobility of Latvian population MOB205. Number of short trips (&lt;300 km) per year by main mode of transport (%), Official statistics portal, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/data.stat.gov.lv\/pxweb\/en\/OSP_OD\/OSP_OD__apsekojumi__mobilitate\/MOB205.px\/. [Accessed: Feb. 11, 2025]."},{"key":"84724","unstructured":"Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, National Travel Survey, CSB estimate considering walking (&gt;100 m) at the start of a trip before using public transport in the second stage, at both the national and urban levels, Official statistics portal, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/stat.gov.lv\/en\/statistics-themes\/business-sectors\/passenger-traffic\/other\/8896-results-survey-mobility-survey. [Accessed: Feb. 12, 2025]."},{"key":"84725","unstructured":"Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, National Travel Survey, CSB estimate considering average travel time per trip if the trip was categorized as \u201cwork\u201d, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/stat.gov.lv\/en\/statistics-themes\/business-sectors\/passenger-traffic\/other\/8896-results-survey-mobility-survey. [Accessed: Feb. 11, 2025]."},{"key":"84726","unstructured":"Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Household expenditure (HBS), Table MBI010. Household consumption expenditure (per cent) 1996 \u2013 2019, Official statistics portal, 2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/data.stat.gov.lv\/pxweb\/en\/OSP_PUB\/START__POP__MB__MBI\/MBI010\/. [Accessed: Feb. 11, 2025]."},{"key":"84727","unstructured":"Eurostat, Work organisation and working time arrangements, Table lfso_19plwk28. Persons in employment by commuting time, educational attainment level and degree of urbanisation, Europa.eu, 2025. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/product\/page\/LFSO_19PLWK28. [Accessed: Feb. 18, 2025]."},{"key":"84728","unstructured":"Eurostat, Income, consumption and wealth - experimental statistics, Table icw_aff_01. Disposable income of households (with expenditure greater than zero) spent on essential goods and services by income quantiles - experimental statistics [icw_aff_01__custom_15271584], Europa.eu, 2025. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/icw_aff_01\/default\/table?lang=en. [Accessed: Feb. 11, 2025]."},{"key":"84729","unstructured":"Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, National Travel Survey, CSB estimate considering following transport modes for public transport: bus, trolleybus, tram, train, taxi on national level and urban area, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/stat.gov.lv\/en\/statistics-themes\/business-sectors\/passenger-traffic\/other\/8896-results-survey-mobility-survey. [Accessed: Feb. 18, 2025]."},{"key":"84730","unstructured":"Eurostat, City statistics, Table Perception survey results [urb_percep], Europa.eu, 2025. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/product\/page\/URB_PERCEP. 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