{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T18:42:12Z","timestamp":1793472132337,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Contraception for women on enzyme-inducing drugs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To gather preliminary information on the contraceptive efficacy of the hormone-releasing intrauterine system (IUS) Mirena\u00ae, when used concurrently with enzyme-inducers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Observational series.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting\/participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mirena\u00ae users on enzyme-inducers were recruited from within the Margaret Pyke Centre and via doctors from throughout the UK. Data were collected systematically on structured questionnaires with particular reference to duration of Mirena\u00ae use, exposure to pregnancy risk, type of concurrent medication, and reasons for drop-out.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Accidental pregnancies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To date, 56 women have provided follow-up information. Most took enzyme-inducers for epilepsy. They have accumulated 1454 months of use, of which 1075 months represent exposure to pregnancy risk. Only one apparently true Mirena\u00ae failure has been documented, representing a failure rate of 1.1 per 100 woman-years (95% CI 0.03-6.25). Including a second pregnancy, probably conceived after the Mirena\u00ae had been removed, would raise the failure rate to 2.2 per 100 woman-years (95% CI 0.27-8.07). Although 9\/30 Mirena\u00ae removals were followed by re-insertion, only the first segment of use is analysed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As this is a pilot study, no firm conclusions can be drawn, but our preliminary results suggest that any increased pregnancy risk, if it exists, falls within acceptable bounds.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1783\/147118902101195992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,5]],"date-time":"2005-03-05T01:30:57Z","timestamp":1109986257000},"page":"78-80","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Observational series on women using the contraceptive Mirena\u00ae concurrently with anti-epileptic and other enzyme-inducing drugs"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Walli","family":"Bounds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Guillebaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199018060-00004","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with oral contraceptives","volume":"18","author":"Back, D.J.; Orme, M.L.E.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Back DJ, Orme MLE. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with oral contraceptives. Clin Pharmacokinet 1990; 18(6): 472\u2013484.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200038040-00004","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic drug interactions between oral contraceptives and second-generation anticonvulsants","volume":"38","author":"Wilbur, K.; Ensom, M.H.H.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wilbur K, Ensom MHH. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions between oral contraceptives and second-generation anticonvulsants. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000; 38(4): 355\u2013365.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01240.x","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effect of vigabatrin on in vivo parameters of hepatic microsomal enzyme induction and on the kinetics of steroid oral contraceptives in healthy female volunteers","volume":"38","author":"Bartoli, A.; Gatti, G.; Cipolla, G.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bartoli A, Gatti G, Cipolla G, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effect of vigabatrin on in vivo parameters of hepatic microsomal enzyme induction and on the kinetics of steroid oral contraceptives in healthy female volunteers. Epilepsia 1997; 38(6): 702\u2013707.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5801.686-c","article-title":"Unplanned pregnancy in an epileptic","volume":"i:","author":"Kenyon, I.E.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Kenyon IE. Unplanned pregnancy in an epileptic. BMJ 1972; i: 686\u2013687.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)90593-5","article-title":"Anti-epileptic drugs and failure of oral contraceptives","volume":"i:","author":"Janz, D.; Schmidt, D.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Janz D, Schmidt D. Anti-epileptic drugs and failure of oral contraceptives. Lancet 1974; i: 1113.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1979.tb04834.x","article-title":"Do anticonvulsants reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives?","volume":"20","author":"Coulam, C.B.; Annegers, J.F.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Coulam CB, Annegers JF. Do anticonvulsants reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives? Epilepsia 1979; 20: 519\u2013526.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(85)90062-9","article-title":"Interaction of anticonvulsants and oral contraceptives in epileptic adolescents","volume":"31","author":"Diamond, M.P.; Greene, J.W.; Thompson, J.M.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Diamond MP, Greene JW, Thompson JM, et al. Interaction of anticonvulsants and oral contraceptives in epileptic adolescents. Contraception 1985; 31(6): 623\u2013632.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.6.1534","article-title":"Antiepileptic medication and oral contraceptive interactions: a national survey of neurologists and obstetricians","volume":"46","author":"Krauss, G.L.; Brandt, J.; Campbell, M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Krauss GL, Brandt J, Campbell M, et al. Antiepileptic medication and oral contraceptive interactions: a national survey of neurologists and obstetricians. Neurology 1996; 46: 1534\u20131539.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1053\/seiz.1999.0274","article-title":"Gender difference in management of epilepsy \u2013 what women are hearing","volume":"8","author":"Crawford, P.; Lee, P.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Crawford P, Lee P. Gender difference in management of epilepsy \u2013 what women are hearing. Seizure 1999; 8: 135\u2013139.","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_10","first-page":"12","article-title":"Use of MirenaTM in epilepsy","volume":"23","author":"Bounds, W.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bounds W. Use of MirenaTM in epilepsy. Br J Fam Plann 1997; 23(1): 12.","journal-title":"Br J Fam Plann"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1783\/147118902101195992","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T17:56:01Z","timestamp":1757094961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jfprhc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1783\/147118902101195992"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1783\/147118902101195992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1783\/147118902101195992","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-1893","2045-2098"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-1893","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-2098","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]}}}