{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T03:55:24Z","timestamp":1778903724312,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was undertaken to determine the performance of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) in British women in routine clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Doctors working in general practice and at family planning clinics throughout the UK who collaborate in the UK Family Planning and Reproductive Health Research Network were responsible for the fitting of 678 LNG IUSs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gross cumulative event rates at 5 years per 100 women were pregnancy 1.0, expulsion 5.9, removal for bleeding problems 16.7, removal for pain 4.3, and removal for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) 1.2. Removals were also required for side effects that may be due to absorbed levonorgestrel. Positive effects include effective contraception and considerably reduced quantity of bleeding for most participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A need was identified to counsel women about the early bleeding problems including the possibility of oligomenorrhoea or amenorrhoea. This is considered to be very important as it will help women to persevere so that they can enjoy the longer-term benefits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1783\/147118902101196225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,5]],"date-time":"2005-03-05T01:30:57Z","timestamp":1109986257000},"page":"73-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Clinical performance of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system in routine use by the UK Family Planning and Reproductive Health Research Network: 5-year report"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Tripp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Blacksell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Clinical performance of the levonorgestrel intra-uterine system in routine use by the UK Family Planning and Reproductive Health Research","volume-title":"Fam Plann","volume":"26","author":"Cox, M.; Blacksell, S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cox M, Blacksell S. Clinical performance of the levonorgestrel intra-uterine system in routine use by the UK Family Planning and Reproductive Health Research Network: 12 month report. Br J Fam Plann 2000; 26: 143\u2013147."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"83","article-title":"Clinical performance of the levonorgestrel intra-uterine system in routine use by the UK Family Planning and Reproductive Health Research","volume":"5","author":"Cox, M.; Blacksell, S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cox M, Blacksell S. Clinical performance of the levonorgestrel intra-uterine system in routine use by the UK Family Planning and Reproductive Health Research Network: 24 month report. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2000; 5: 83.","journal-title":"Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"221","article-title":"The levonorgestrel-releasing IUD","volume":"19","author":"Luukkainen, T.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Luukkainen T. The levonorgestrel-releasing IUD. Br J Fam Plann 1993; 19: 221\u2013224.","journal-title":"Br J Fam Plann"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(94)90109-0","article-title":"Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper releasing (NovaT) IUDs during five years of use: a randomised comparative trial","volume":"49","author":"Andersson, K.; Odlind, V.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Andersson K, Odlind V, et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper releasing (NovaT) IUDs during five years of use: a randomised comparative trial. Contraception 1994; 49: 56\u201372.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(86)90080-6","article-title":"Five years experience with levonorgestrelreleasing IUDs","volume":"33","author":"Luukkainen, T.; Allonen, H.; Haukkamaa, M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Luukkainen T, Allonen H, Haukkamaa M, et al. Five years experience with levonorgestrelreleasing IUDs. 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Health during prolonged use of levonorgestrel 20 micrograms\/day and the copper TCu 380 Ag intrauterine contraceptive devices: a multicentre study","volume-title":"Fertil Steril","volume":"61","author":"Sivin, I.; Stern, J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sivin I, Stern J, and the International Committee for Contraception Research. Health during prolonged use of levonorgestrel 20 micrograms\/day and the copper TCu 380 Ag intrauterine contraceptive devices: a multicentre study. Fertil Steril 1994; 61: 70\u201377."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(93)90031-2","article-title":"The T Cu-380A (Ag), MLCu375, and Nova T IUDs and the IUD daily releasing 20 micrograms levonorgestrel \u2013 four pillars of IUD contraception for the nineties and beyond?","volume":"47","author":"Chi, I.-C.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chi I-C. The T Cu-380A (Ag), MLCu375, and Nova T IUDs and the IUD daily releasing 20 micrograms levonorgestrel \u2013 four pillars of IUD contraception for the nineties and beyond? Contraception 1993; 47: 325\u2013347.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(91)90149-A","article-title":"Prolonged intrauterine contraception: a seven-year randomised study of the levonorgestrel 20 mg\/day and the copper T380Ag IUDs","volume":"44","author":"Sivin, I.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Sivin I, et al. Prolonged intrauterine contraception: a seven-year randomised study of the levonorgestrel 20 mg\/day and the copper T380Ag IUDs. Contraception 1979; 44: 473\u2013480.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref_12","first-page":"35","article-title":"Recommended procedures for the statistical evaluation of intrauterine contraception. Stud Fam Plann","volume":"4","author":"Tietze, C.; Lewitt, S.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Tietze C, Lewitt S. Recommended procedures for the statistical evaluation of intrauterine contraception. Stud Fam Plann 1973; 4(2): 35\u201342."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"141","article-title":"Ectopic pregnancy in a Mirena user","volume":"23","author":"Richardson, S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Richardson S. Ectopic pregnancy in a Mirena user. Br J Fam Plann 1998; 23: 141.","journal-title":"Br J Fam Plann"},{"issue":"167","key":"ref_14","first-page":"72","article-title":"in collaboration with the UK Family Planning Research Network. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system in routine use: experiences of insertion","volume":"76","author":"Tattersall, J.; Allison, C.J.; Blacksell, S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tattersall J, Allison CJ, Blacksell S, in collaboration with the UK Family Planning Research Network. 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