{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:46:47Z","timestamp":1767340007542,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This Guidance provides information for clinicians providing women with copper-bearing intrauterine devices as long-term contraception. A key to the grades of recommendations, based on levels of evidence, is given at the end of this document. Details of the methods used by the Clinical Effectiveness Unit (CEU) in developing this Guidance and evidence tables summarising the research basis of the recommendations are available on the Faculty website (www.ffprhc.org.uk). Abbreviations (in alphabetical order) used include: acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); actinomyces-like organisms (ALOs); automated external defibrillator (AED); blood pressure (BP); <jats:italic>British National Formulary<\/jats:italic> (BNF); confidence interval (CI); copper-bearing intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD); emergency contraception (EC); Faculty Aid to Continuing Professional Development Topic (FACT); levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (IUS); human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA); non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); odds ratio (OR); pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); relative risk (RR); Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG); Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN); sexually transmitted infection (STI); termination of pregnancy (TOP); World Health Organization (WHO); WHO <jats:italic>Medical Eligibility Criteria<\/jats:italic> (WHOMEC); WHO <jats:italic>Selected Practice Recommendations<\/jats:italic> (WHOSPR).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1783\/147118904322701956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,5]],"date-time":"2005-03-05T01:30:57Z","timestamp":1109986257000},"page":"29-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["FFPRHC Guidance (January 2004) The Copper Intrauterine Device as Long-term Contraception"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"30","member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care Clinical Effectiveness Unit. FFPRHC Guidance on emergency contraception","volume":"29","year":"2003","unstructured":"Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care Clinical Effectiveness Unit. FFPRHC Guidance on emergency contraception. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2003; 29(2): 9\u201316.","journal-title":"J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"385","article-title":"Statistics","volume":"3","author":"Dawe, F.; Meltzer, H.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dawe F, Meltzer H. Contraception and Sexual Health 2002. National Statistics. London, UK: HMSO, 2003; 1\u201349. www.statistics.gov.uk. 3 Rivera R, Best K. Current opinion: consensus statement on intrauterine contraception. Contraception 2002; 65: 385\u2013388.","journal-title":"Contraception and Sexual Health; Current opinion: consensus statement on intrauterine contraception"},{"article-title":"World Health Organization (WHO). Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use","year":"2000","key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2000."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1990.tb01828.x","article-title":"Preventing IUCD-related pelvic infection: the efficacy of prophylactic doxycycline at insertion","volume":"97","author":"true","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sinei SKA, Schulz KF, Lamptey PR, et al. Preventing IUCD-related pelvic infection: the efficacy of prophylactic doxycycline at insertion. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97: 412\u2013419.","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)10319-1","article-title":"Complications of use of intrauterine devices among HIV-1 infected women","volume":"351","author":"Sinei, S.K.; Morrison, C.S.; Sekadde-Kigondu, C.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sinei SK, Morrison CS, Sekadde-Kigondu C, et al. Complications of use of intrauterine devices among HIV-1 infected women. Lancet 1998; 351: 1238\u20131241.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199910220-00012","article-title":"Effect of intrauterine device use on cervical shedding of HIV-1 DNA","volume":"13","author":"Richardson, B.A.; Morrison, C.S.; Sekadde-Kigondu, C.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Richardson BA, Morrison CS, Sekadde-Kigondu C, et al. Effect of intrauterine device use on cervical shedding of HIV-1 DNA. AIDS 1999; 13(15): 2091\u20132097.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"6830","key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6830.809","article-title":"Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples. European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV","volume":"304","author":"Anonymous","year":"1992","unstructured":"Anonymous. Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples. European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. BMJ 1992; 304(6830): 809\u2013813.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref_8","first-page":"201","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus transmission among heterosexual couples in Central Africa","volume":"2","author":"Carael, M.; Van de Perre, P.H.; Lepage, P.H.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Carael M, Van de Perre PH, Lepage PH, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus transmission among heterosexual couples in Central Africa. AIDS 1988; 2(3): 201\u2013205.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_9","first-page":"132","article-title":"The incidence of HIV infection among women using family planning methods in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"74","author":"Kapiga, S.H.; Vuylsteke, B.; Lyamuya, E.F.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kapiga SH, Vuylsteke B, Lyamuya EF, et al. The incidence of HIV infection among women using family planning methods in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Sex Trans Infect 1998; 74(Suppl. 1): S132\u2013S138.","journal-title":"Sex Trans Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1086\/515654","article-title":"Hormonal contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, and risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"178","author":"HL, Jr, Martin; PM, Nyange; BA, Richardson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Martin HL Jr, Nyange PM, Richardson BA, et al. Hormonal contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, and risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 1998; 178(4): 1053\u20131059.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"article-title":"World Health Organization (WHO). Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use","year":"2002","key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2002."},{"key":"ref_12","article-title":"A Pilot Study of Opportunistic Screening for Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in England","author":"Health, Sexual; Team, Substance Misuse; London","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sexual Health and Substance Misuse Team, London. A Pilot Study of Opportunistic Screening for Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in England (1999\u20132000). London, UK: Department of Health, 1999; 1\u201312."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"16","article-title":"A pilot study to incorporate chlamydial testing in the management of women anticipating IUD insertion in community clinics","volume":"23","author":"James, N.J.; Wilson, S.; Hughes, S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"James NJ, Wilson S, Hughes S. A pilot study to incorporate chlamydial testing in the management of women anticipating IUD insertion in community clinics. Br J Fam Plann 1997; 23: 16\u201319.","journal-title":"Br J Fam Plann"},{"key":"ref_14","article-title":"Recommendations arising from the 31st Study Group: the prevention of pelvic infection","volume-title":"The Prevention of Pelvic Infection","author":"Templeton, A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Recommendations arising from the 31st Study Group: the prevention of pelvic infection. In: Templeton A (ed.), The Prevention of Pelvic Infection. London, UK: RCOG Press, 1996."},{"article-title":"Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. Guideline No. 42","year":"2002","key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. Guideline No. 42. Edinburgh, UK: SIGN, 2002."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(98)00064-X","article-title":"The risk of inadvertent intrauterine device insertion in women carriers of endocervical Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"58","author":"Fa\u00fandes, A.; Telles, E.; de Lourdes Cristofoletti, M.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fa\u00fandes A, Telles E, de Lourdes Cristofoletti M, et al. The risk of inadvertent intrauterine device insertion in women carriers of endocervical Chlamydia trachomatis. Contraception 1998; 58: 105\u2013109.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02699-4","article-title":"Intrauterine device and upper-genital-tract infection","volume":"356","author":"Grimes, D.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Grimes D. Intrauterine device and upper-genital-tract infection. Lancet 2000; 356: 1013\u20131019.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","article-title":"Immediate postabortal insertion of intrauterine devices","volume-title":"(Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library","author":"Grimes, D.; Schulz, K.; Stanwood, N.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grimes D, Schulz K, Stanwood N. Immediate postabortal insertion of intrauterine devices (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"698","article-title":"UK","volume":"156","author":"Chichester","year":"1987","unstructured":"Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 20 Murray S, Hickey JB, Houang E. Significant bacteraemia associated with replacement of intrauterine contraceptive device. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 698\u2013700.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol; Significant bacteraemia associated with replacement of intrauterine contraceptive device"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540460058033","article-title":"Prevention of bacterial endocarditis","volume":"277","author":"American Heart Association (AHA","year":"1997","unstructured":"American Heart Association (AHA). Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. JAMA 1997; 277: 1794\u20131801.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_21","volume":"45","author":"Formulary, British National","year":"2003","unstructured":"British National Formulary, Vol. 45, March 2003."},{"issue":"9","key":"ref_22","first-page":"2","article-title":"UK","volume-title":"Dannemiller Memorial Educational Foundation. The Contraception Report, Modern IUDs Part","volume":"2","author":"London","year":"2003","unstructured":"London, UK: British Medical Association and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 2003. www.bnf.org 23 Dannemiller Memorial Educational Foundation. The Contraception Report, Modern IUDs Part 2, Vol. 9, No. 5, Grimes DA (ed.). Totowa, NJ: Emron, 1998; 2\u201316."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)48739-X","article-title":"Absence of chorionic gonadotrophin in sera of women who use intrauterine devices","volume":"44","author":"Segal, S.J.; Alvarez-Sanchez, F.; Adejuwon, C.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Segal SJ, Alvarez-Sanchez F, Adejuwon CA, et al. Absence of chorionic gonadotrophin in sera of women who use intrauterine devices. Fertil Steril 1985; 44: 214\u2013218.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.128091","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of intrauterine devices: update and estimation of postfertilization effects","volume":"187","author":"Stanford, J.B.; Mikolajczyk, R.T.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stanford JB, Mikolajczyk RT. Mechanisms of action of intrauterine devices: update and estimation of postfertilization effects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187: 1699\u20131708.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"207\u2013218","key":"ref_25","first-page":"27","article-title":"Effect upon endometrial morphology","volume":"6","author":"Sheppard, B.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Effect upon endometrial morphology. Contraception 1972; 6: 207\u2013218. 27 Sheppard B. Endometrial morphological changes in IUD users: a review. Contraception 1987; 36: 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Contraception; Endometrial morphological changes in IUD users: a review"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(91)90135-3","article-title":"Effects of various IUDs on the composition of cervical mucus","volume":"43","author":"Jonsson, B.; Landgren, B.M.; Eneroth, P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jonsson B, Landgren BM, Eneroth P. Effects of various IUDs on the composition of cervical mucus. Contraception 1991; 43: 447\u2013457.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(72)80004-0","article-title":"Intrauterine contraception with the copper-T device. Effect on trace elements in the endometrium, cervical mucus and plasma","volume":"6","author":"Hagenfeldt, K.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Hagenfeldt K. Intrauterine contraception with the copper-T device. Effect on trace elements in the endometrium, cervical mucus and plasma. Contraception 1972; 6: 37\u201354.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(87)90060-6","article-title":"The mode of action of IUDs","volume":"36","author":"Ortiz, M.E.; Croxatto, M.B.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ortiz ME, Croxatto MB. The mode of action of IUDs. Contraception 1987; 36: 37\u201353.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(02)00417-1","article-title":"Uterine perforation on intrauterine device insertion: is the incidence higher than previously reported","volume":"67","author":"Harrison-Woolrych, M.; Ashton, J.; Coulter, D.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Harrison-Woolrych M, Ashton J, Coulter D. Uterine perforation on intrauterine device insertion: is the incidence higher than previously reported. Contraception 2003; 67: 53\u201356.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(90)90098-G","article-title":"World Health Organization Special Programme of Research. The TCu380A, TCu220C, Multiload 250 and Nova T IUDs at 3, 5 and 7 years of use \u2013 results from three randomized multicentre trials","volume":"42","year":"1990","unstructured":"World Health Organization Special Programme of Research. The TCu380A, TCu220C, Multiload 250 and Nova T IUDs at 3, 5 and 7 years of use \u2013 results from three randomized multicentre trials. Contraception 1990; 42: 141\u2013158.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"341","article-title":"Programme\/United Nations Population Fund\/World Health Organization\/World Bank\/Special Programme of Research. Long-term reversible contraception. Twelve years of experience with the TCu380A and TCu220C","volume":"56","author":"United Nations Development","year":"1997","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme\/United Nations Population Fund\/World Health Organization\/World Bank\/Special Programme of Research. Long-term reversible contraception. Twelve years of experience with the TCu380A and TCu220C. Contraception 1997; 56: 341\u2013352.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70658-0","article-title":"The risk of pregnancy after tubal sterilization: findings from the US Collaborative Review of Sterilization","volume":"174","author":"Peterson, H.B.; Xia, Z.; Hughes, J.M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Peterson HB, Xia Z, Hughes JM, et al. The risk of pregnancy after tubal sterilization: findings from the US Collaborative Review of Sterilization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174: 1161\u20131170.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(02)00519-X","article-title":"A comparative randomized study of three different IUDs in nulliparous Mexican women","volume":"67","author":"Otero-Flores, J.B.; Guerrero-Carre\u00f1o, F.J.; V\u00e1zquez-Estrada, L.A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Otero-Flores JB, Guerrero-Carre\u00f1o FJ, V\u00e1zquez-Estrada LA. A comparative randomized study of three different IUDs in nulliparous Mexican women. Contraception 2003; 67: 273\u2013276.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(93)90107-I","article-title":"Four-year experience in a randomized study of the Gyne T 380 Slimline and the Standard T 380 intrauterine copper devices","volume":"47","author":"Sivin, I.; Diaz, J.; Alvarez, F.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sivin I, Diaz J, Alvarez F, et al. Four-year experience in a randomized study of the Gyne T 380 Slimline and the Standard T 380 intrauterine copper devices. Contraception 1993; 47: 37\u201342.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(94)90094-9","article-title":"Programme\/United Nations Population Fund\/World Health Organization\/World Bank. A randomised multicentre trial of the Multiload 375 and TCu380A IUDs in parous women: three year results","volume":"49","author":"United Nations Development","year":"1994","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme\/United Nations Population Fund\/World Health Organization\/World Bank. A randomised multicentre trial of the Multiload 375 and TCu380A IUDs in parous women: three year results. Contraception 1994; 49: 543\u2013549.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(92)90145-J","article-title":"The Multiload IUD: a US researcher\u2019s evaluation of a European device","volume":"46","author":"Chi, I.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chi I. The Multiload IUD: a US researcher\u2019s evaluation of a European device. Contraception 1992; 46: 407\u2013425.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(02)00385-2","article-title":"Five-year clinical experiences with NOVA T 380 copper IUD","volume":"66","author":"Batar, I.; Kuukankorpi, A.; Siljander, M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Batar I, Kuukankorpi A, Siljander M, et al. Five-year clinical experiences with NOVA T 380 copper IUD. Contraception 2002; 66: 309\u2013314.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1783\/147118902101196216","article-title":"Clinical performance of the Nova T380 intrauterine device in routine use by the UK Family Planning and Reproductive Health Research Network: 5-year report","volume":"28","author":"Cox, M.; Tripp, J.; Blacksell, S.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cox M, Tripp J, Blacksell S. Clinical performance of the Nova T380 intrauterine device in routine use by the UK Family Planning and Reproductive Health Research Network: 5-year report. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2002; 28: 69\u201372.","journal-title":"J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"ref_39","article-title":"Frameless versus classical intrauterine device for contraception (Cochrane Review)","volume-title":"The Cochrane Library","author":"O\u2019Brien, P.A.; Marfleet, C.","year":"2003","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien PA, Marfleet C. Frameless versus classical intrauterine device for contraception (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"91","article-title":"UK","volume":"61","author":"Chichester","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 42 Wu S, Hu J, Wildemeersch D. Performance of the frameless GyneFix and the TCu380A IUDs in a 3-year multicenter, randomized, comparative trial in parous women. Contraception 2000; 61: 91\u201398.","journal-title":"Contraception; Performance of the frameless GyneFix and the TCu380A IUDs in a 3-year multicenter, randomized, comparative trial in parous women"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(95)00140-9","article-title":"and the frameless IUD \u2018the Flexigard\u2019: interim 3-year data from an international multicenter trial","volume":"52","year":"1995","unstructured":"and the frameless IUD \u2018the Flexigard\u2019: interim 3-year data from an international multicenter trial. Contraception 1995; 52: 77\u201383.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(96)00036-4","article-title":"Performance of the TCu380A and Cu-Fix IUDs in an international randomized trial","volume":"53","author":"true","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rosenberg MJ, Foldesy R, Mishell DR Jr, et al. Performance of the TCu380A and Cu-Fix IUDs in an international randomized trial. Contraception 1996; 53: 197\u2013203.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01987277","article-title":"A randomised comparative study of the TCu380A and the Cu-Safe 300 IUDs","volume":"11","author":"HE, Van Kets; der Pas H, Van; W, Delbarge","year":"1995","unstructured":"Van Kets HE, Van der Pas H, Delbarge W. A randomised comparative study of the TCu380A and the Cu-Safe 300 IUDs. Contraception 1995; 11: 123\u2013129.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"291","article-title":"Dose and age-dependent ectopic pregnancy risks with intrauterine contraception","volume":"78","author":"Sivin, I.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sivin I. Dose and age-dependent ectopic pregnancy risks with intrauterine contraception. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 291\u2013298.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"8701","key":"ref_45","first-page":"1322","article-title":"Long-term use of copper intrauterine devices. A Statement from the Medical Advisory Committee of the Family Planning","volume":"335","author":"Newton, J.; Tacchi, D.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Newton J, Tacchi D. Long-term use of copper intrauterine devices. A Statement from the Medical Advisory Committee of the Family Planning Association and the National Association of Family Planning Doctors. Lancet 1990; 335(8701): 1322\u20131323.","journal-title":"Association and the National Association of Family Planning Doctors. Lancet"},{"key":"ref_46","article-title":"Faculty Aid to Continued Professional Development Topic (FACT) on perimenopausal contraception. Inserted into the","author":"Brechin, S.; Gebbie, A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brechin S, Gebbie A. Faculty Aid to Continued Professional Development Topic (FACT) on perimenopausal contraception. Inserted into the Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 2000; 25.","journal-title":"Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care"},{"issue":"8708","key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91706-G","article-title":"Long-term use of copper intrauterine devices","volume":"336","author":"Tacchi, D.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tacchi D. Long-term use of copper intrauterine devices. Lancet 1990; 336(8708): 182.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91904-M","article-title":"Intrauterine contraceptive devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an international perspective","volume":"339","author":"Farley, T.N.M.; Rosenberg, M.J.; Rowe, P.J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Farley TNM, Rosenberg MJ, Rowe PJ, et al. Intrauterine contraceptive devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an international perspective. Lancet 1992; 339: 785\u2013788.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(95)00120-Y","article-title":"IUD use and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis of case-control studies","volume":"52","author":"Xiong, X.; Buekens, P.; Wollast, E.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Xiong X, Buekens P, Wollast E. IUD use and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Contraception 1995; 52: 23\u201334.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"131","article-title":"Intrauterine devices: mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy. Contraception 1998; 58: 45S\u201353S. 53 World Health Organization (WHO). A multinational case-control study of ectopic pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Jr, Mishell DR","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mishell DR Jr. Intrauterine devices: mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy. Contraception 1998; 58: 45S\u201353S. 53 World Health Organization (WHO). A multinational case-control study of ectopic pregnancy. Clin Reprod Fertil 1985; 3: 131\u2013143.","journal-title":"Clin Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010438","article-title":"Use of copper intrauterine devices and the risk of tubal infertility among nulligravid women","volume":"345","author":"Hubacher, D.; Lara-Ricalde, R.; Taylor, D.J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hubacher D, Lara-Ricalde R, Taylor DJ, et al. Use of copper intrauterine devices and the risk of tubal infertility among nulligravid women. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 561\u2013567.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6359","key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.286.6359.106","article-title":"Fertility after stopping use of intrauterine contraceptive device","volume":"286","author":"Vessey, M.P.; Lawless, M.; McPherson, K.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Vessey MP, Lawless M, McPherson K, et al. Fertility after stopping use of intrauterine contraceptive device. BMJ 1983; 286(6359): 106.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"304","article-title":"Return of fertility in nulliparous women after discontinuation of the intrauterine device: comparison with women discontinuing other methods of contraception","volume":"108","author":"Doll, H.; Vessey, M.; Painter, R.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Doll H, Vessey M, Painter R. Return of fertility in nulliparous women after discontinuation of the intrauterine device: comparison with women discontinuing other methods of contraception. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2001; 108: 304\u2013314.","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)05299-5","article-title":"Intrauterine devices and infertility: sifting through the evidence","volume":"358","author":"Grimes, D.A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Grimes DA. Intrauterine devices and infertility: sifting through the evidence. Lancet 2001; 358: 6\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90455-9","article-title":"A prospective New Zealand study of fertility after removal of copper intrauterine contraceptive devices for conception and because of complications: a four-year study","volume":"160","author":"Wilson, J.C.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wilson JC. A prospective New Zealand study of fertility after removal of copper intrauterine contraceptive devices for conception and because of complications: a four-year study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 391\u2013396.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_56","series-title":"Contraception; intrauterine device","first-page":"256","article-title":"Recovery of fertility after use of levonorgestrel 20 mcg\/d or Copper","volume":"34","author":"Belhadj, H.; Sivin, I.; Diaz, S.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Belhadj H, Sivin I, Diaz S, et al. Recovery of fertility after use of levonorgestrel 20 mcg\/d or Copper T 380 Ag intrauterine device. Contraception 1986; 34: 256\u2013267."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(11)90607-3","article-title":"Rates and outcomes of planned pregnancy after use of Norplant capsules, Norplant II rods, or levonorgestrel releasing or copper TCu 380Ag intrauterine contraceptive devices","volume":"166","author":"Sivin, I.; Stern, J.; Diaz, S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sivin I, Stern J, Diaz S, et al. Rates and outcomes of planned pregnancy after use of Norplant capsules, Norplant II rods, or levonorgestrel releasing or copper TCu 380Ag intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 1208\u20131213.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"World Health Organization (WHO). Mechanism of action, safety and efficacy of intrauterine devices. WHO Technical Report, Series","volume":"753","year":"1987","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Mechanism of action, safety and efficacy of intrauterine devices. WHO Technical Report, Series 1987; 753: 1\u201391."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/13625180008500386","article-title":"Randomized comparative trial in parous women of the frameless GyneFix and the TCu380A intrauterine devices: long-term experience in a Chinese family planning clinic","volume":"5","author":"Cao, X.; Zhang, W.; Gao, G.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cao X, Zhang W, Gao G, et al. Randomized comparative trial in parous women of the frameless GyneFix and the TCu380A intrauterine devices: long-term experience in a Chinese family planning clinic. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2000; 5: 135\u2013140.","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/ejc.7.1.7.14","article-title":"GyneFix: a UK experience","volume":"7","author":"Geyoushi, B.E.; Randall, S.; Stones, R.W.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Geyoushi BE, Randall S, Stones RW. GyneFix: a UK experience. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2002; 7: 7\u201314.","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)45131-9","article-title":"The menstrual cycle in women using an intrauterine device","volume":"34","author":"Faundes, A.; Segal, S.J.; Adejuwon, C.A.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Faundes A, Segal SJ, Adejuwon CA, et al. The menstrual cycle in women using an intrauterine device. Fertil Steril 1980; 34: 427\u2013430.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(73)90070-7","article-title":"Premature onset of menstrual bleeding during ovulatory cycles in women with an intrauterine contraceptive device","volume":"117","author":"Nygren, K.G.; Johansson, E.D.B.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Nygren KG, Johansson EDB. Premature onset of menstrual bleeding during ovulatory cycles in women with an intrauterine contraceptive device. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973, 117: 971\u2013975.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-200202000-00024","article-title":"Noncontraceptive health benefits of intrauterine devices: a systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Hubacher, D.; Grimes, D.A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hubacher D, Grimes DA. Noncontraceptive health benefits of intrauterine devices: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2002; 57: 120\u2013128.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"3658","article-title":"Reproductive factors of ovarian and endometrial cancer risk in a high fertility population in Mexico","volume":"59","author":"Salazar-Martinez, E.; Lazcano-Ponce, E.C.; Lira-Lira, G.G.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Salazar-Martinez E, Lazcano-Ponce EC, Lira-Lira GG, et al. Reproductive factors of ovarian and endometrial cancer risk in a high fertility population in Mexico. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 3658\u20133662.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910540607","article-title":"Intra-uterine contraception and the risk of endometrial cancer","volume":"54","author":"Castellsague, X.; Thompson, W.D.; Dubrow, R.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Castellsague X, Thompson WD, Dubrow R. Intra-uterine contraception and the risk of endometrial cancer. Int J Cancer 1993; 54: 911\u2013916.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(96)00199-0","article-title":"Intrauterine devices and endometrial cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives","volume":"54","author":"Rosenblatt, K.A.; Thomas, D.B.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rosenblatt KA, Thomas DB. Intrauterine devices and endometrial cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Contraception 1996; 54: 329\u2013332.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1994.369","article-title":"Intrauterine device use and risk of endometrial cancer","volume":"70","author":"Parazzini, F.; Vecchia, C.L.; Moroni, S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Parazzini F, Vecchia CL, Moroni S. Intrauterine device use and risk of endometrial cancer. Br J Cancer 1994; 70: 672\u2013673.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19970127)70:3<278::AID-IJC5>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Endometrial cancer in relation to intra-uterine device use","volume":"70","author":"Hill, D.A.; Weiss, N.S.; Voigt, L.F.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hill DA, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, et al. Endometrial cancer in relation to intra-uterine device use. Int J Cancer 1997; 70: 278\u2013281.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910490108","article-title":"A population-based casecontrol study of endometrial cancer in Shanghai, China","volume":"49","author":"Xiong-Xu, S.; Brinton, L.A.; Zhang, W.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Xiong-Xu S, Brinton LA, Zhang W, et al. A population-based casecontrol study of endometrial cancer in Shanghai, China. Int J Cancer 1991; 49: 38\u201343.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.3.496","article-title":"Intrauterine device use and endometrial cancer risk","volume":"26","author":"Sturgeon, SR, Brinton; LA, Berman; M.L.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sturgeon SR, Brinton LA, Berman ML, et al. Intrauterine device use and endometrial cancer risk. Int J Epidemiol 1997; 26: 496\u2013500.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90679-2","article-title":"Copper intrauterine contraceptive device event rates following insertion 4","volume":"143","author":"Mishell, D.R.J.; Roy, S.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Mishell DRJ, Roy S. Copper intrauterine contraceptive device event rates following insertion 4 to 8 weeks post partum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 143: 29\u201335.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(97)00008-5","article-title":"Contraceptives for lactating women: a comparative trial of a progesterone-releasing vaginal ring and the copper T380A IUD","volume":"55","author":"Sivin, I.; Diaz, S.; Croxatto, H.B.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sivin I, Diaz S, Croxatto HB, et al. Contraceptives for lactating women: a comparative trial of a progesterone-releasing vaginal ring and the copper T380A IUD. Contraception 1997; 55: 225\u2013232.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(00)00191-8","article-title":"Intrauterine device and maternal copper metabolism during lactation","volume":"63","author":"AC, Rodrigues Da Cunha; JG, Dorea; AA, Cantuaria","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rodrigues Da Cunha AC, Dorea JG, Cantuaria AA. Intrauterine device and maternal copper metabolism during lactation. Contraception 2001; 63: 37\u201339.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1174","article-title":"Desogestrel-only pill and breastfeeding","volume":"108","author":"Bjarnadottir, R.I.; Gottfredsdottir, H.; Sigurdardottir, K.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bjarnadottir RI, Gottfredsdottir H, Sigurdardottir K. Desogestrel-only pill and breastfeeding. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2001; 108: 1174\u20131180.","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"3135","article-title":"Risk of uterine perforation among users of intrauterine devices","volume":"61","author":"Heartwell, S.; Schlesselman, S.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Heartwell S, Schlesselman S. Risk of uterine perforation among users of intrauterine devices. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 61: 3135.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"99","article-title":"World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Task Force on IUDs for Fertility Regulation. IUD insertion following termination of pregnancy: a clinical trial","volume-title":"of Cu220C, Lippes Loop D, and Copper 7. Stud Fam Plann","volume":"14","year":"1983","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Task Force on IUDs for Fertility Regulation. IUD insertion following termination of pregnancy: a clinical trial of Cu220C, Lippes Loop D, and Copper 7. Stud Fam Plann 1983; 14: 99\u2013108."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02340056","article-title":"Postabortal insertion of IUD","volume":"2","author":"Tuveng, J.M.; Skjeldestad, F.E.; Iversen, T.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tuveng JM, Skjeldestad FE, Iversen T. Postabortal insertion of IUD. Adv Contracept 1986; 2: 387\u2013392.","journal-title":"Adv Contracept"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1","article-title":"Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Gynaecological Examinations: Guidelines for Specialist Practice","author":"of, Royal College","year":"2002","unstructured":"Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Gynaecological Examinations: Guidelines for Specialist Practice. London, UK: RCOG, 2002; 1\u201331."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1783\/147118903101196846","article-title":"Intrauterine techniques: contentious or consensus opinion","volume":"29","author":"Tolcher, R.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tolcher R. Intrauterine techniques: contentious or consensus opinion. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2003; 29: 21\u201324.","journal-title":"J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1783\/147118901101195416","article-title":"Resuscitation in the family planning and reproductive health care setting","volume":"27","author":"Bennett, A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bennett A. Resuscitation in the family planning and reproductive health care setting. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2001; 27: 165\u2013169.","journal-title":"J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resuscitation Council (UK). The Emergency Medical Treatment of Anaphylactic Reactions for First Medical Responders and for Community Nurses","volume":"1","author":"London, UK:","year":"2002","unstructured":"Resuscitation Council (UK). The Emergency Medical Treatment of Anaphylactic Reactions for First Medical Responders and for Community Nurses. London, UK: Resuscitation Council (UK), 2002; 1: 9. http:\/\/www.resus.org.uk\/pages\/cpatc.htm 85 Resuscitation Council (UK). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Guidance for Clinical Practice and Training in Primary Care. London, UK: Resuscitation Council (UK), 2001; 1\u201310.www.resus.org.uk\/pages\/cpatpc.htm 86 Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Maintaining good medical practice for those working in family planning and reproductive health care. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2001; 1:1\u201330.","journal-title":"J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care; 1: 9. http:\/\/www.resus.org.uk\/pages\/cpatc.htm 85 Resuscitation Council (UK). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Guidance for Clinical Practice and Training in Primary Care"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1783\/147118902101196342","article-title":"Intrauterine device insertions: setting our standards","volume":"28","author":"Kasliwal, A.P.; Webb, A.M.C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kasliwal AP, Webb AMC. Intrauterine device insertions: setting our standards. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2002; 28: 157\u2013158.","journal-title":"J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(82)90172-X","article-title":"A new IUD insertion technique utilizing cervical priming with prostaglandin","volume":"26","author":"Lauersen, N.H.; Kurkulos, M.; Graves, Z.R.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lauersen NH, Kurkulos M, Graves ZR, et al. A new IUD insertion technique utilizing cervical priming with prostaglandin. Contraception 1982; 26: 59\u201363.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.123411","article-title":"The use of oral misoprostol as a cervical ripening agent in operative hysteroscopy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"186","author":"Thomas, J.A.; Leyland, N.; Durand, N.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thomas JA, Leyland N, Durand N, et al. The use of oral misoprostol as a cervical ripening agent in operative hysteroscopy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 876\u2013879.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.01054.x","article-title":"A randomised placebo-controlled trial of vaginal misoprostol for cervical priming before hysteroscopy in postmenopausal women","volume":"109","author":"Fung, T.M.; Lam, M.H.; Wong, S.F.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fung TM, Lam MH, Wong SF, et al. A randomised placebo-controlled trial of vaginal misoprostol for cervical priming before hysteroscopy in postmenopausal women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2002; 109: 561\u2013565.","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"8890","article-title":"Vaginal misoprostol for cervical priming before operative hysteroscopy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"96","author":"Preutthipan, S.; Herabutya, Y.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Preutthipan S, Herabutya Y. Vaginal misoprostol for cervical priming before operative hysteroscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynaecol 2000; 96: 8890\u20138894.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"65","article-title":"A comparison of the actual and expected pain response following insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive device","volume":"3","author":"Goldstuck, N.D.; Mathews, M.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Goldstuck ND, Mathews ML. A comparison of the actual and expected pain response following insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive device. Clin Reprod Fertil 1985; 3: 65\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1040","article-title":"Topical anesthesia for gynecologic procedures","volume":"73","author":"Rabin, J.M.; Spitzer, M.; Dwyer, A.T.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rabin JM, Spitzer M, Dwyer AT, et al. Topical anesthesia for gynecologic procedures. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 73: 1040\u20131044.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1879-3479.1977.tb00683.x","article-title":"Topical uterine anesthesia: a preliminary report","volume":"15","author":"Hasson, H.M.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hasson HM. Topical uterine anesthesia: a preliminary report. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1977; 15: 238\u2013240.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"177","article-title":"Pain and discomfort perception at IUD insertion \u2013 effect of short-duration, low-volume, intracervical application of two percent lignocaine gel (Instillagel) \u2013 a preliminary study","volume":"22","author":"Oloto, E.; Bromham, D.R.; Murty, J.A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Oloto E, Bromham DR, Murty JA. Pain and discomfort perception at IUD insertion \u2013 effect of short-duration, low-volume, intracervical application of two percent lignocaine gel (Instillagel) \u2013 a preliminary study. Br J Fam Plann 1996; 22: 177\u2013180.","journal-title":"Br J Fam Plann"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref_91","first-page":"\"8","article-title":"The International Planned Parenthood Foundation International Medical Advisory Panel (IMAP) Statement. Intrauterine devices","volume":"29","author":"97 Farr G, Rivera R, Amatya R","year":"1995","unstructured":"The International Planned Parenthood Foundation International Medical Advisory Panel (IMAP) Statement. Intrauterine devices. IPPF Med Bull 1995; 29(6):8\u20139. http:\/\/ippf.org 97 Farr G, Rivera R, Amatya R. Non-physician insertion of IUDs; clinical outcomes among TCu380A insertions in three developingcountry clinics. Adv Contracept 1998; 14:45\u201357.","journal-title":"IPPF Med Bull; Non-physician insertion of IUDs; clinical outcomes among TCu380A insertions in three developingcountry clinics"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3109\/13625189909043479","article-title":"Appropriately trained nurses are competent at inserting intrauterine devices: an audit of clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"Andrews, G.D.; French, K.; Wilkinson, C.L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Andrews GD, French K, Wilkinson CL. Appropriately trained nurses are competent at inserting intrauterine devices: an audit of clinical practice. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 1999; 4: 41\u201344.","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"123","article-title":"Nursing (RCN). Fitting intrauterine devices. Training guidance for nurses","volume":"5","author":"of, Royal College","year":"2002","unstructured":"Royal College of Nursing (RCN). Fitting intrauterine devices. Training guidance for nurses. Royal College of Nursing 2002; 1: 3. http:\/\/www.rcn.org.uk 100 Chi I, Feldblum PJ, Rogers SM. IUD-related uterine perforation:an epidemiologic analysis of a rare event using an international dataset. Adv Contracept Del Systems 1984; 5:123\u2013130.","journal-title":"Royal College of Nursing; 1: 3. http:\/\/www.rcn.org.uk 100 Chi I, Feldblum PJ, Rogers SM. IUD-related uterine perforation:an epidemiologic analysis of a rare event using an international dataset"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1992.tb14442.x","article-title":"Randomised comparative study in 217 women of three disposable plastic IUCD thread retrievers","volume":"99","author":"Bounds, W.; Hutt, S.; Kubba, A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bounds W, Hutt S, Kubba A, et al. Randomised comparative study in 217 women of three disposable plastic IUCD thread retrievers. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99: 915\u2013919.","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1983.tb06751.x","article-title":"Comparison between antifibrinolytic and antiprostaglandin treatment in the reduction of increased menstrual blood loss in women with intrauterine contraceptive devices","volume":"90","author":"Ylikorkala, O.; Viinikka, L.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ylikorkala O, Viinikka L. Comparison between antifibrinolytic and antiprostaglandin treatment in the reduction of increased menstrual blood loss in women with intrauterine contraceptive devices. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1983; 90: 78\u201383.","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"74","article-title":"Reduction by naproxen of excessive menstrual bleeding in women using intrauterine devices","volume":"57","author":"Davies, A.J.; Anderson, A.B.; Turnbull, A.C.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Davies AJ, Anderson AB, Turnbull AC. Reduction by naproxen of excessive menstrual bleeding in women using intrauterine devices. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 57: 74\u201378.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"101","article-title":"Role of prostaglandins in IUD-associated uterine bleeding \u2013 effects of a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor (ibuprofen)","volume":"58","author":"Roy, S.; Shaw, S.T.J.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Roy S, Shaw STJ. Role of prostaglandins in IUD-associated uterine bleeding \u2013 effects of a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor (ibuprofen). Obstet Gynecol 1981; 58: 101\u2013106.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(97)00072-3","article-title":"No relationship between the IUD position evaluated by ultrasound and complaints of bleeding and pain","volume":"56","author":"Faundes, D.; Bahamondes, L.; Faundes, A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Faundes D, Bahamondes L, Faundes A, et al. No relationship between the IUD position evaluated by ultrasound and complaints of bleeding and pain. Contraception 1997; 56: 43\u201347.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3109\/00016347709155015","article-title":"Outcome of pregnancy in the presence of an intrauterine device","volume":"56","author":"Koetsawang, S.; Rachawat, D.; Piya-Anant, M.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Koetsawang S, Rachawat D, Piya-Anant M. Outcome of pregnancy in the presence of an intrauterine device. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1977; 56: 479\u2013482.","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(03)00074-X","article-title":"Pregnancy despite IUD: adverse effects on pregnancy evolution and fetus","volume":"68","author":"Fulcheri, E.; di Capua, E.; Ragni, N.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fulcheri E, di Capua E, Ragni N. Pregnancy despite IUD: adverse effects on pregnancy evolution and fetus. Contraception 2003; 68: 35\u201338.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70198-5","article-title":"Pelvic actinomycosis: a review and preliminary look at prevalence","volume":"180","author":"Lippes, J.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lippes J. Pelvic actinomycosis: a review and preliminary look at prevalence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180: 265\u2013269.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03320330045024","article-title":"Detection and prevalence of IUD-associated actinomyces colonization and related morbidity","volume":"247","author":"Valincenti, J.F.; Pappas, A.A.; Graber, C.D.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Valincenti JF, Pappas AA, Graber CD, et al. Detection and prevalence of IUD-associated actinomyces colonization and related morbidity. JAMA 1982; 247: 1149\u20131152.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"571","article-title":"Intrauterine contraceptive devices: vaginal cytology pathologic changes and clinical implications","volume":"26","author":"Gupta, P.K.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gupta PK. Intrauterine contraceptive devices: vaginal cytology pathologic changes and clinical implications. Acta Cytol 1982; 26: 571\u2013613.","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"ref_104","article-title":"Actinomyces and the intrauterine contraceptive device","volume-title":"Intrauterine Contraception \u2013 Advances and Future Prospects (PARFR Series on Fertility Regulation)","author":"Burkman, R.T.; Damewood, M.T.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Burkman RT, Damewood MT. Actinomyces and the intrauterine contraceptive device. In: Zatuchin GL, Goldsmith A, Sciarra JJ (eds), Intrauterine Contraception \u2013 Advances and Future Prospects (PARFR Series on Fertility Regulation). Philadelphia, PA: Harper & Row, 1985."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6949.241","article-title":"Cancer prevention in primary care: screening for cervical cancer","volume":"309","author":"Austoker, J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Austoker J. Cancer prevention in primary care: screening for cervical cancer. BMJ 1994; 309: 241\u2013248.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348309156249","article-title":"Actinomyces israelli in the genital tract of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices","volume":"62","author":"Persson, E.; Holmberg, K.; Dahlgren, S.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Persson E, Holmberg K, Dahlgren S, et al. Actinomyces israelli in the genital tract of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1983; 62: 563\u2013568.","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"287","article-title":"Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices","volume":"152","author":"Curtis, E.M.; Pine, L.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Curtis EM, Pine L. Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 152: 287\u2013290.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00350-9","article-title":"Intrauterine contraceptive device-associated actinomycotic abscess and actinomyces detection on cervical smear","volume":"87","author":"Fiorino, A.S.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fiorino AS. Intrauterine contraceptive device-associated actinomycotic abscess and actinomyces detection on cervical smear. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87: 142\u2013149.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348409155498","article-title":"A longitudinal study of Actinomyces israelii in the female genital tract","volume":"63","author":"Persson, E.; Holmberg, K.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Persson E, Holmberg K. A longitudinal study of Actinomyces israelii in the female genital tract. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1984; 63: 207\u2013216.","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-199612000-00013","article-title":"Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: evolving perspectives on the data","volume":"51","author":"Burkman, R.T.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Burkman RT. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: evolving perspectives on the data. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1996; 51(12): S35\u2013S41.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"292","article-title":"Significance of colonization of the lower female genital tract with Actinomyces israelii","volume":"14","author":"Thiery, M.; Claeys, G.; Mrozowski, B.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Thiery M, Claeys G, Mrozowski B, et al. Significance of colonization of the lower female genital tract with Actinomyces israelii. IRCS Med Sci 1986; 14: 292\u2013293.","journal-title":"IRCS Med Sci"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"137","article-title":"Recommendations for clinical practice: actinomyces-like organisms and intrauterine contraceptives","volume":"23","author":"Cayley, J.; Fotherby, K.; Guillebaud, J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cayley J, Fotherby K, Guillebaud J, et al. Recommendations for clinical practice: actinomyces-like organisms and intrauterine contraceptives. Br J Fam Plann 1998; 23: 137\u2013138.","journal-title":"Br J Fam Plann"},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"This guidance is also available online at www.ffprhc.uk. Evidence tables are available on the FFPRHC website. These summarise relevant published evidence on IUDs for long-term contraception, which was identified and appraised in the development of this Guidance. The clinical recommendations within this Guidance (i.e. the text appearing within the red and blue boxes) are based on evidence whenever possible.","article-title":"Evidence tables are available on the FFPRHC website. These summarise relevant published evidence on IUDs for long-term contraception, which was identified and appraised in the development of this Guidance. The clinical recommendations within this Guidance (i.e. the text appearing within the red and blue boxes) are based on evidence whenever possible"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1783\/147118904322701956","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T18:59:43Z","timestamp":1757098783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jfprhc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1783\/147118904322701956"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1783\/147118904322701956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1783\/147118904322701956","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-1893","2045-2098"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1471-1893"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-2098"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}}}