{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:18:47Z","timestamp":1773289127557,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"DOI":"10.1783\/147118910791749425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,8]],"date-time":"2010-07-08T19:36:20Z","timestamp":1278617780000},"page":"117-122","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Oral Contraceptives and Venous Thromboembolism"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Robert L","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Westhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corrine","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Verhaeghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewald","family":"Boschitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Gompel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Birkh\u00e4user","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Krepelka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Duli\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ole-Erik","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Khamoshina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucija Vrabi\u010d","family":"De\u017eman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franca","family":"Fruzzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Szarewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Wilken-Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Seidman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Risto","family":"Kaaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.12.2595","article-title":"Combined oral contraception and the risk of venous thromboembolism","volume":"12","author":"Mills, A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mills A. Combined oral contraception and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 2595\u20132598.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(02)00341-4","article-title":"Termination of pregnancy following panic-stopping of oral contraceptives","volume":"66","author":"Goodyear-Smith, A.; Arroll, B.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goodyear-Smith A, Arroll B. Termination of pregnancy following panic-stopping of oral contraceptives. Contraception 2002; 66: 163\u2013167.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(96)00236-3","article-title":"Increased number of induced abortions in Norway after media coverage of adverse vascular events from the use of third-generation oral contraceptives","volume":"55","author":"Skjeldestad, F.E.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Skjeldestad FE. Increased number of induced abortions in Norway after media coverage of adverse vascular events from the use of third-generation oral contraceptives. Contraception 1997; 55: 11\u201314.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/5.6.736","article-title":"The aftermath of a pill scare: regression to reassurance","volume":"5","author":"Spitzer, W.O.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Spitzer WO. The aftermath of a pill scare: regression to reassurance. Hum Reprod Update 1999; 5: 736\u2013745.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.6.1493","article-title":"The differential risk of oral contraceptives: the impact of full exposure history","volume":"14","author":"Lewis, M.A.; MacRae, K.D.; Kuhl-Habichl, D.; Bruppacher, R.; Heinemann, L.A.; Spitzer, W.O.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lewis MA, MacRae KD, Kuhl-Habichl D, Bruppacher R, Heinemann LA, Spitzer WO. The differential risk of oral contraceptives: the impact of full exposure history. Hum Reprod 1999; 14: 1493\u20131499.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(01)00234-7","article-title":"Risk of venous thromboembolism from oral contraceptives containing gestodene and desogestrel versus levonorgestrel: a meta-analysis and formal sensitivity analysis","volume":"64","author":"Hennessy, S.; Berlin, J.A.; Kinman, J.L.; Margolis, D.J.; Strom, Marcus S.M.; B.L.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hennessy S, Berlin JA, Kinman JL, Margolis DJ, Marcus SM Strom BL. Risk of venous thromboembolism from oral contraceptives containing gestodene and desogestrel versus levonorgestrel: a meta-analysis and formal sensitivity analysis. Contraception 2001; 64: 125\u2013133.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1783\/147118909789587385","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: old questions revisited","volume":"35","author":"Dinger, J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dinger J. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: old questions revisited. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2009; 35: 211\u2013213.","journal-title":"J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"10","article-title":"XYZ & Others v Schering Health Care","volume":"9","author":"Mackay, J.","year":"1420","unstructured":"Mackay J.XYZ & Others v Schering Health Care Limited, Organon Laboratories Limited, John Wyeth &Brother Limited. [2002] EWHC 1420(QB). 9 Spitzer WO. The 1995 pill scare revisited: anatomy of a nonepidemic. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 2347\u20132357 10 Ciliska D, Thomas H, Buffett C. An Introduction to EvidenceInformed Public Health and a Compendium of Critical Appraisal Tools for Public Health Practice. February 2008. http:\/\/www.nccmt.ca\/pubs\/eiph_backgrounder.pdf [Accessed 27 May 2010].","journal-title":"The; pill scare revisited: anatomy of a nonepidemic"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"206","article-title":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Non-contraceptive Uses of Hormonal Contraception. ACOG Practice Guideline Number 110","volume":"115","year":"2010","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Non-contraceptive Uses of Hormonal Contraception. ACOG Practice Guideline Number 110. January 2010. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115: 206\u2013218.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.6.585","article-title":"LJ 3rd. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A 25 year population based study","volume":"158","author":"Silverstein, M.D.; Heit, J.A.; Mohr, D.N.; Petterson, T.M.; O\u2019Fallon, W.M.; Melton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O\u2019Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A 25 year population based study. Arch Int Med 1998; 158: 585\u2013593.","journal-title":"Arch Int Med"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra002974","article-title":"The antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"346","author":"Levine, J.S.; Branch, D.W.; Rauch, J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Levine JS, Branch DW, Rauch J. The antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 752\u2013763.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2005.08.011","article-title":"Does use of hormonal contraceptives among women with thrombogenic mutations increase their risk of venous thromboembolism? A systematic review","volume":"73","author":"Mohllajee, A.P.; Curtis, K.M.; Martins, S.L.; Peterson, H.B.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mohllajee AP, Curtis KM, Martins SL, Peterson HB. Does use of hormonal contraceptives among women with thrombogenic mutations increase their risk of venous thromboembolism? A systematic review. Contraception 2006; 73: 166\u2013178.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21059","article-title":"Smoking increases the risk of venous thrombosis and acts synergistically with oral contraceptive use","volume":"83","author":"Pomp, E.R.; Rosendaal, F.R.; Doggen, C.J.M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pomp ER, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJM. Smoking increases the risk of venous thrombosis and acts synergistically with oral contraceptive use. Am J Hematol 2008; 83: 97\u2013102.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"338","key":"ref_14","first-page":"17","article-title":"Prevention of venous thromboembolism: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy","volume":"126","author":"Geerts, W.H.; Pineo, G.F.; Heit, J.A.; Bergqvist, D.; Lassen, M.R.; Colwell, C.W.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Geerts WH, Pineo GF, Heit JA, Bergqvist D, Lassen MR, Colwell CW, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004; 126: 338S\u2013400S. 17 Chandra D, Parisini E, Mozaffarian D. Meta-analysis: travel and risk for venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151: 180\u2013190.","journal-title":"Chest; Meta-analysis: travel and risk for venous thromboembolism"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"289","article-title":"contraceptive use and prothrombotic mutations","volume":"139","year":"2007","unstructured":"contraceptive use and prothrombotic mutations. Br J Haematol 2007; 139: 289\u2013296.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200107000-00016","article-title":"Increased risks of circulatory diseases in late pregnancy and puerperium","volume":"12","author":"Ros, H.S.; Lichtenstein, P.; Belloco, R.; Petersson, G.; Cnattingius, S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ros HS, Lichtenstein P, Belloco R, Petersson G, Cnattingius S. Increased risks of circulatory diseases in late pregnancy and puerperium. Epidemiology 2001; 12: 456\u2013460.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.02921.x","article-title":"Pregnancy, the postpartum period and prothrombotic defects: risk of venous thrombosis in the MEGA study","volume":"6","author":"Pomp, E.R.; Lenselink, A.M.; Rosendaal, F.R.; Doggen, C.J.M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pomp ER, Lenselink AM, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJM. Pregnancy, the postpartum period and prothrombotic defects: risk of venous thrombosis in the MEGA study. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6: 632\u2013637.","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2006.12.018","article-title":"Range of published estimates of venous thromboembolism incidence in young women","volume":"75","author":"Heinemann, L.A.J.; Dinger, J.C.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heinemann LAJ, Dinger JC. Range of published estimates of venous thromboembolism incidence in young women. Contraception 2007; 75: 328\u2013336.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2006.12.019","article-title":"The safety of a drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive: final results from the European Active Surveillance study on Oral Contraceptives based on 142,475 women-years of observation","volume":"75","author":"Dinger, J.C.; Heinemann, L.A.J.; Kuhl-Habich, D.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dinger JC, Heinemann LAJ, Kuhl-Habich D. The safety of a drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive: final results from the European Active Surveillance study on Oral Contraceptives based on 142,475 women-years of observation. Contraception 2007; 75: 344\u2013354.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-143-10-200511150-00006","article-title":"LJ 3rd. Trends in the incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy or postpartum: a 30-year population-based study","volume":"143","author":"Heit, J.A.; Kobbervig, C.E.; James, A.H.; Petterson, T.M.; Bailey, K.R.; Melton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heit JA, Kobbervig CE, James AH, Petterson TM, Bailey KR, Melton LJ 3rd. Trends in the incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy or postpartum: a 30-year population-based study. Ann Intern Med 2005; 143: 697\u2013706.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"57","article-title":"Mortality associated with fertility and fertility control: 1983. Fam Plann Perspect","volume":"15","author":"Ory, H.W.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ory HW. Mortality associated with fertility and fertility control: 1983. Fam Plann Perspect 1983; 15: 57\u201363."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115799","article-title":"Oral contraceptive estrogen dose and the risk of deep venous thromboembolic disease","volume":"133","author":"Gerstman, B.B.; Piper, J.M.; Tomita, D.K.; Ferguson, W.J.; Stadel, B.V.; Lundin, F.E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gerstman BB, Piper JM, Tomita DK, Ferguson WJ, Stadel BV, Lundin FE. Oral contraceptive estrogen dose and the risk of deep venous thromboembolic disease. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 32\u201337.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2890","article-title":"Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow-up study","volume":"339","author":"Lidegaard, \u00d8.; L\u00f8kkegaard, E.; Svendsen, A.L.; Agger, C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lidegaard \u00d8, L\u00f8kkegaard E, Svendsen AL, Agger C. Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow-up study. BMJ 2009; 339: b2890.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.03.018","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism discharge diagnoses in the Danish National Patient Registry should be used with caution","volume":"63","author":"Severinsen, M.T.; Kristensen, SR, Overvad; K, Dethlefsen; C, Tj\u00f8nneland; A, Johnsen; S.P.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Severinsen MT, Kristensen SR, Overvad K, Dethlefsen C, Tj\u00f8nneland A, Johnsen SP. Venous thromboembolism discharge diagnoses in the Danish National Patient Registry should be used with caution. J Clin Epidemiol 2010; 63: 223\u2013228.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2004.09.005","article-title":"Twenty micrograms vs. >20 microg estrogen oral contraceptives for contraception: systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"71","author":"Gallo, M.F.; Nanda, K.; Grimes, D.A.; Schulz, K.F.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gallo MF, Nanda K, Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Twenty micrograms vs. >20 microg estrogen oral contraceptives for contraception: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Contraception 2005; 71: 162\u2013169.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.04.008","article-title":"Use of contraceptive methods by women with current venous thrombosis on anticoagulant therapy: a systematic review","volume":"80","author":"Culwell, K.R.; Curtis, K.M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Culwell KR, Curtis KM. Use of contraceptive methods by women with current venous thrombosis on anticoagulant therapy: a systematic review. Contraception 2009; 80: 337\u2013345.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39555.441944.BE","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"336","author":"Canonico, M.; Plu-Bureau, G.; Lowe, G.D.; Scarabin, P.Y.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, Lowe GD, Scarabin PY. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2008; 336: 1227\u20131231.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.07.004","article-title":"Postmarketing study of ORTHO EVRA and levonorgestrel oral contraceptives containing hormonal contraceptives with 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol in relation to nonfatal venous thromboembolism","volume":"81","author":"Jick, S.S.; Hagberg, K.W.; Hernandez, R.K.; Kaye, J.A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jick SS, Hagberg KW, Hernandez RK, Kaye JA. Postmarketing study of ORTHO EVRA and levonorgestrel oral contraceptives containing hormonal contraceptives with 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol in relation to nonfatal venous thromboembolism. Contraception 2010; 81: 16\u201321.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-62-3-536","article-title":"Biological effects of estradiol-17 beta in postmenopausal women: oral versus percutaneous administration","volume":"62","author":"B, De Lignieres; A, Basdevant; G, Thomas; JC, Thalabard; C, Mercier-Bodard; J, Conard","year":"1986","unstructured":"De Lignieres B, Basdevant A, Thomas G, Thalabard JC, Mercier-Bodard C, Conard J, et al. Biological effects of estradiol-17 beta in postmenopausal women: oral versus percutaneous administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 62: 536\u2013541.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1642453","article-title":"The effects of transdermal estradiol and oral conjugated estrogens on haemostasis variables","volume":"71","author":"Kroon, U.B.; Silfverstolpe, G.; Tengborn, L.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kroon UB, Silfverstolpe G, Tengborn L. The effects of transdermal estradiol and oral conjugated estrogens on haemostasis variables. Thromb Haemost 1994; 71: 420\u2013423.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2004.00894.x","article-title":"Impact of progestagens on activated protein C (APC) resistance among users of oral contraceptives","volume":"2","author":"Alhenc-Gelas, M.; Plu-Bureau, G.; Guillonneau, S.; Kirzin, J.M.; Aiach, M.; Ochat, N.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alhenc-Gelas M, Plu-Bureau G, Guillonneau S, Kirzin JM, Aiach M, Ochat N, et al. Impact of progestagens on activated protein C (APC) resistance among users of oral contraceptives. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2: 1594\u20131600.","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-125-7-199610010-00011","article-title":"Surrogate end points in clinical trials: are we being misled?","volume":"125","author":"Fleming, T.R.; DeMets, D.L.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fleming TR, DeMets DL. Surrogate end points in clinical trials: are we being misled? Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 605\u2013613.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.12.054","article-title":"Surrogate end points in women\u2019s health research: science, protoscience and pseudoscience","volume":"93","author":"Grimes, D.A.; Schulz, K.F.; Raymond, E.G.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grimes DA, Schulz KF, Raymond EG. Surrogate end points in women\u2019s health research: science, protoscience and pseudoscience. Fertil Steril 2010; 93: 1731\u20131734.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(97)00119-4","article-title":"First time use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism","volume":"56","author":"Suissa, S.; Blais, L.; Spitzer, W.O.; Cusson, J.; Lewis, M.; Heineman, L.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Suissa S, Blais L, Spitzer WO, Cusson J, Lewis M, Heineman L. First time use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception 1997; 56: 141\u2013146.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01257-X","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism among new users of different oral contraceptives","volume":"354","author":"Herings, R.M.; Urquhart, J.; Leufkens, H.G.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Herings RM, Urquhart J, Leufkens HG. Venous thromboembolism among new users of different oral contraceptives. Lancet 1999; 354: 127\u2013128.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.1.49","article-title":"Higher risk of venous thrombosis during early use of oral contraceptives in women with inherited clotting defects","volume":"160","author":"Bloemenkamp, K.W.; Rosendaal, F.R.; Helmerhorst, F.M.; Vandenbroucke, J.P.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bloemenkamp KW, Rosendaal FR, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP. Higher risk of venous thrombosis during early use of oral contraceptives in women with inherited clotting defects. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 49\u201352.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.13.1573","article-title":"et al.; for the WHI Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of venous thrombosis","volume":"292","author":"Cushman, M.; Kuller, L.H.; Prentice, R.; Rodabough, R.J.; Psaty, B.M.; Stafford, R.S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cushman M, Kuller LH, Prentice R, Rodabough RJ, Psaty BM, Stafford RS, et al.; for the WHI Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 2004; 292: 1573\u20131580.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000279448.62221.a8","article-title":"Risk of thromboembolism in women taking Reid et al.\/Faculty examination ethinylestradiol\/drospirenone and other oral contraceptives","volume":"110","author":"Seeger, J.D.; Loughlin, J.; Eng, P.M.; Clifford, C.R.; Cutone, J.; Walker, A.M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seeger JD, Loughlin J, Eng PM, Clifford CR, Cutone J, Walker AM. Risk of thromboembolism in women taking Reid et al.\/Faculty examination ethinylestradiol\/drospirenone and other oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 587\u2013593.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1554","article-title":"Supplementary data collection with case-cohort analysis to address potential confounding in a cohort study of thromboembolism in oral contraceptive initiators matched on claims-based propensity scores","volume":"17","author":"Eng, P.M.; Seeger, J.D.; Loughlin, J.; Clifford, C.R.; Mentor, S.; Walker, A.M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eng PM, Seeger JD, Loughlin J, Clifford CR, Mentor S, Walker AM. Supplementary data collection with case-cohort analysis to address potential confounding in a cohort study of thromboembolism in oral contraceptive initiators matched on claims-based propensity scores. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2008; 17: 297\u2013305.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2921","article-title":"Effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type on venous thrombotic risk associated with oral contraceptives: results of the MEGA case-control study","volume":"339","year":"2009","unstructured":"Van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, Doggen CJM, Rosendaal FR. Effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type on venous thrombotic risk associated with oral contraceptives: results of the MEGA case-control study. BMJ 2009; 339: b2921.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1783\/147118910790291037","article-title":"Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives: a review of two recently published studies","volume":"36","author":"Shapiro, S.; Dinger, J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shapiro S, Dinger J. Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives: a review of two recently published studies. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2010; 36: 33\u201338.","journal-title":"J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"ref_42","article-title":"US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA monograph on physician labelling for Yasmin 28 tablets (drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol)","author":"[27 May 2010].","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA monograph on physician labelling for Yasmin 28 tablets (drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol). http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2010\/021098s017lbl.pdf [Accessed 27 May 2010]."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"103","article-title":"Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives: a review of two recently published studies (Letter)","volume":"36","author":"Lidegaard, O.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lidegaard O. Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives: a review of two recently published studies (Letter). J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2010; 36: 103\u2013104.","journal-title":"J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"104","article-title":"Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives: a review of two recently published studies (Letter)","volume":"36","author":"Shapiro, S.; Dinger, J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shapiro S, Dinger J. Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives: a review of two recently published studies (Letter). J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2010; 36: 104\u2013105.","journal-title":"J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059","article-title":"Bias or causality: Interpreting recent evidence of oral contraceptive studies","volume":"179","author":"Spitzer, W.O.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Spitzer WO. Bias or causality: Interpreting recent evidence of oral contraceptive studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: S43\u2013S50.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1783\/147118908786000596","article-title":"Causation, bias and confounding: a hitchhiker\u2019s guide to the epidemiological galaxy. Part 3: Principles of causality in epidemiological research: statistical stability, doseand duration-response effects, internal and external consistency, analogy and biological plausibility","volume":"34","author":"Shapiro, S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shapiro S. Causation, bias and confounding: a hitchhiker\u2019s guide to the epidemiological galaxy. Part 3: Principles of causality in epidemiological research: statistical stability, doseand duration-response effects, internal and external consistency, analogy and biological plausibility. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2008; 34: 261\u2013264.","journal-title":"J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"ref_47","article-title":"Evidence Based Commentary (EBC) Candidates can view the released topic and candidate guidance notes for EBC on the Faculty website","volume-title":"to submit the EBC on this topic","year":"2010","unstructured":"\u2751 Evidence Based Commentary (EBC) Candidates can view the released topic and candidate guidance notes for EBC on the Faculty website. There is an absolute deadline of 31 August 2010 to submit the EBC on this topic."},{"key":"ref_48","article-title":"OSCE) This 2011 all-day examination will consist of: G Critical Reading Question examination paper","volume-title":"(CRQ) G Extended Matching Question examination paper (EMQ) G Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)","author":"Part 2 Examination (CRQ, EMQ","unstructured":"\u2751 Part 2 Examination (CRQ, EMQ, OSCE) This 2011 all-day examination will consist of: G Critical Reading Question examination paper (CRQ) G Extended Matching Question examination paper (EMQ) G Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)"},{"key":"ref_49","article-title":"Applications for the MFSRH Part 2 held in June 2011 must be received by 3 January 2011. The new Part 2 Syllabus, Membership Examination Regulations and sample EMQs are on the Faculty website. The qualification is subject to re-certification every 5 years. For the current MFSRH Examination Regulations, information on all components of the MFSRH examination and application forms, please visit the Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare website: www.fsrh.org (Training & Exams and Membership Exam)","unstructured":"Applications for the MFSRH Part 2 held in June 2011 must be received by 3 January 2011. The new Part 2 Syllabus, Membership Examination Regulations and sample EMQs are on the Faculty website. The qualification is subject to re-certification every 5 years. For the current MFSRH Examination Regulations, information on all components of the MFSRH examination and application forms, please visit the Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare website: www.fsrh.org (Training & Exams and Membership Exam)."},{"issue":"20 7724","key":"ref_50","article-title":"Further information and the examiner CV application form are available on the Faculty website: www.fsrh.org (Training & Exams, Membership Exam, MFSRH Examiners)","volume":"0","year":"2010","unstructured":"Further information and the examiner CV application form are available on the Faculty website: www.fsrh.org (Training & Exams, Membership Exam, MFSRH Examiners). The closing date for applications is 13 September 2010. The form should be sent to the Examination Secretary, Examinations, FSRH, 27 Sussex Place, Regent\u2019s Park, London NW1 4RG, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 20 7724 5629. Fax: +44 (0) 20 7723 5333.","journal-title":"Tel; The form should be sent to the Examination Secretary, Examinations, FSRH, 27 Sussex Place, Regent\u2019s Park, London NW1 4RG, UK"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1783\/147118910791749425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T17:06:50Z","timestamp":1757092010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jfprhc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1783\/147118910791749425"}},"subtitle":["Consensus Opinion from an International Workshop held in Berlin, Germany in December 2009"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1783\/147118910791749425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1783\/147118910791749425","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-1893","2045-2098"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-1893","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-2098","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}}}