{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T04:21:43Z","timestamp":1785212503179,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Academy of Insurance Medicine","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Insur Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Long Covid was first described in 2020. Five years later, progress in disease characterization has been considerable, and definitions continue to evolve. Several disease mechanisms are under study, and evidence for multiple endotypes is accumulating. No clinical biomarker has been identified, nor has an effective therapy been developed. Overlap with other post-infectious syndromes, particularly myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome, is now more evident. For most individuals, symptoms of long Covid progressively disappear over time. Recurrent Covid-19 infections are now an important contributor to the pool of affected individuals. While symptoms limit activity in as many as 20%, inability to work is less common. The anticipated surge of disability claims from insured individuals has not materialized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.17849\/insm-52-2-1-5.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:30:19Z","timestamp":1753403419000},"page":"61-65","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Long Covid in Year 5: Some Progress, Still Many Questions"],"prefix":"10.17849","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Timothy","family":"Meagher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Author Affiliations: Vice-President and Medical Director, Munich Re, Montr\u00e9al; Associate Professor of Medicine, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7324","reference":[{"key":"i0743-6661-52-2-61-ref01","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1746","article-title":"Long Covid Defined","volume":"391","author":"Ely","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ely EW,\nBrown LM,\nFineberg HV, et al. Long Covid Defined. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:1746\u20131753. doi: 10.1056\/NEJMsb2408466"},{"key":"i0743-6661-52-2-61-ref02","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"5500","article-title":"Mechanisms of long COVID and the path toward therapeutics","volume":"187","author":"Peluso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peluso MJ,\nDeeks SG. Mechanisms of long COVID and the path toward therapeutics. Cell. 2024;187:5500\u20135529. doi: 10.1016\/j.cell.2024.07.054"},{"key":"i0743-6661-52-2-61-ref03","series-title":"Nat Immunol","first-page":"607","article-title":"Large-scale phenotyping of patients with long COVID post-hospitalization reveals mechanistic subtypes of disease","volume":"25","author":"Liew","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liew F,\nEfstathiou C,\nFontanella S, et al. Large-scale phenotyping of patients with long COVID post-hospitalization reveals mechanistic subtypes of disease. Nat Immunol. 2024;25:607\u2013621. doi: 10.1038\/s41590-024-01778-0"},{"key":"i0743-6661-52-2-61-ref04","series-title":"Nat Med","first-page":"2148","article-title":"Long COVID science, research and policy","volume":"30","author":"Al-Aly","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Aly Z,\nDavis H,\nMcCorkell L, et al. Long COVID science, research and policy. Nat Med. 2024;30:2148\u20132164. doi: 10.1038\/s41591-024-03173-6"},{"key":"i0743-6661-52-2-61-ref05","series-title":"Front Med","first-page":"1187163","article-title":"ME\/CFS and Long COVID share similar symptoms and biological abnormalities: road map to the literature","volume":"10","author":"Komaroff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Komaroff AL,\nLipkin WI. ME\/CFS and Long COVID share similar symptoms and biological abnormalities: road map to the literature. Front Med. 2023;10:1187163. doi: 10.3389\/fmed.2023.1187163"},{"key":"i0743-6661-52-2-61-ref06","series-title":"Sci Transl Med","first-page":"eadr1032","article-title":"Sex differences and immune correlates of Long Covid development, symptom persistence, and resolution","volume":"16","author":"Hamlin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hamlin RE,\nPienkos SM,\nChan L, et al. Sex differences and immune correlates of Long Covid development, symptom persistence, and resolution. Sci Transl Med. 2024;16:eadr1032. doi: 10.1126\/scitranslmed.adr1032"},{"key":"i0743-6661-52-2-61-ref07","article-title":"Economist Impact","author":"Baxa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baxa M. Economist Impact. 2024. https:\/\/impact.economist.com\/perspectives\/health\/incomplete-picture-understanding-burden-long-Covid"},{"key":"i0743-6661-52-2-61-ref08","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"1142","article-title":"Notes from the Field: Long COVID and Significant Long COVID\u2013Associated Activity Limitation Among Adults, by Jurisdiction \u2014 United States, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Ford","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ford ND,\nAgedew A,\nDalton AF, et al. Notes from the Field: Long COVID and Significant Long COVID\u2013Associated Activity Limitation Among Adults, by Jurisdiction \u2014 United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2024;73:1142\u20131143. doi: 10.15585\/mmwr.mm7350a2"},{"key":"i0743-6661-52-2-61-ref09","article-title":"Experiences of Canadians with long-term symptoms following COVID-19. Statistics Canada","author":"Kuang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuang S,\nEarl S,\nClarke J, et al. Experiences of Canadians with long-term symptoms following COVID-19. Statistics Canada. (December 2023). https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/75-006-x\/2023001\/article\/00015-eng.pdf"},{"key":"i0743-6661-52-2-61-ref10","article-title":"Prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in the UK: 30","author":"UK Office of National Statistics","year":"2023","unstructured":"UK Office of National Statistics. Prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in the UK: 30 March 2023. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/conditionsanddiseases\/bulletins\/prevalenceofongoingsymptomsfollowingcoronavirusCovid19infectionintheuk\/30march2023\/"},{"key":"i0743-6661-52-2-61-ref11","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"1783","article-title":"Protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination against long COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Watanabe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Watanabe A,\nIwanami M,\nYasuhara J, et al. Protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination against long COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2023;41:1783\u20131790. doi: 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.02.008"},{"key":"i0743-6661-52-2-61-ref12","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"107105","article-title":"The global clinical studies of long COVID","volume":"146","author":"Ramonfaur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ramonfaur D,\nAyad N,\nLiu PHZ, et al. The global clinical studies of long COVID. 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