{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:27:40Z","timestamp":1774355260463,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Seismological Society of America (SSA)","issue":"1A","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The rupture process of the MW 9.1 Sumatra\u2013Andaman earthquake lasted for approximately 500 sec, nearly twice as long as the teleseismic time windows between the P and PP arrival times generally used to compute radiated energy. In order to measure the P waves radiated by the entire earthquake, we analyze records that extend from the P-wave to the S-wave arrival times from stations at distances \u0394 &amp;gt;60\u00b0. These 8- to 10-min windows contain the PP, PPP, and ScP arrivals, along with other multiply reflected phases. To gauge the effect of including these additional phases, we form the spectral ratio of the source spectrum estimated from extended windows (between TP and TS) to the source spectrum estimated from normal windows (between TP and TPP). The extended windows are analyzed as though they contained only the P-pP-sP wave group. We analyze four smaller earthquakes that occurred in the vicinity of the MW 9.1 mainshock, with similar depths and focal mechanisms. These smaller events range in magnitude from an MW 6.0 aftershock of 9 January 2005 to the MW 8.6 Nias earthquake that occurred to the south of the Sumatra\u2013 Andaman earthquake on 28 March 2005. We average the spectral ratios for these four events to obtain a frequency-dependent operator for the extended windows. We then correct the source spectrum estimated from the extended records of the 26 December 2004 mainshock to obtain a complete or corrected source spectrum for the entire rupture process (\u223c600 sec) of the great Sumatra\u2013Andaman earthquake. Our estimate of the total seismic energy radiated by this earthquake is 1.4 \u00d7 1017 J. When we compare the corrected source spectrum for the entire earthquake to the source spectrum from the first \u223c250 sec of the rupture process (obtained from normal teleseismic windows), we find that the mainshock radiated much more seismic energy in the first half of the rupture process than in the second half, especially over the period range from 3 sec to 40 sec.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1785\/0120050623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,22]],"date-time":"2007-01-22T18:46:48Z","timestamp":1169491608000},"page":"S18-S24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Energy Radiated by the 26 December 2004 Sumatra\u2013Andaman  Earthquake Estimated from 10-Minute <i>P<\/i>-Wave Windows"],"prefix":"10.1785","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"George L.","family":"Choy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1U.S. Geological Survey&#x2028; Box 25046, MS 966&#x2028; Denver Federal Center&#x2028; Denver, Colorado 80225&#x2028; \u2003(G.L.C.)"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Boatwright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2U.S. Geological Survey&#x2028; Menlo Park, California 94025&#x2028; \u2003(J.B.)"}]}],"member":"790","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112260","article-title":"Rupture process of the 2004 Sumatra\u2013Andaman earthquake","volume":"308","author":"Ammon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113363","article-title":"A flying start, then a slow slip","volume":"308","author":"Bilham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1029\/JB091iB02p02095","article-title":"Teleseismic estimates of the energy radiated by shallow earthquakes","volume":"91","author":"Boatwright","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15,541","DOI":"10.1029\/JB094iB11p15541","article-title":"Acceleration source for subduction zone earthquakes","volume":"94","author":"Boatwright","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18,205","DOI":"10.1029\/95JB01969","article-title":"Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress","volume":"100","author":"Choy","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7326","DOI":"10.1029\/JB091iB07p07326","article-title":"Direct measurement of the mantle attenuation operator from broadband P and S Waveforms","volume":"91","author":"Choy","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1982.tb02770.x","article-title":"Broadband deconvolution of GDSN data","volume":"69","author":"Harvey","year":"1982","journal-title":"Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc."},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1029\/GL017i007p01021","article-title":"Broadband source spectra, seismic energies, and stress drops of the 1989 Macquarie Ridge earthquake","volume":"17","author":"Houston","year":"1990","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03675","article-title":"Extent, duration and speed of the 2004 Sumatra\u2013Andaman earthquake imaged by the Hi-Net array","volume":"435","author":"Ishii","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/170GM07","article-title":"The radiated energy of the 2004 Sumatra\u2013Andaman earthquake","volume-title":"Radiated Energy and the Physics of Earthquake Faulting","author":"Kanamori","year":"2006"},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03696","article-title":"Tracking the rupture of the Mw = 9.3 Sumatra earthquake over 1,150 km at teleseismic distance","volume":"435","author":"Kru\u0308ger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112250","article-title":"The great Sumatra\u2013 Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004","volume":"308","author":"Lay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L10314","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022437","article-title":"Rapid estimation of rupture extent for large earthquakes: application to the 2004, M 9.0 Sumatra\u2013Andaman megathrust","volume":"32","author":"Lomax","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26,885","DOI":"10.1029\/98JB02236","article-title":"Teleseismic estimates of radiated seismic energy: the E\/M0 discriminant for tsunami earthquakes","volume":"103","author":"Newman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11,127","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB900455","article-title":"Is there a focal mechanism dependence to radiated seismic energy?","volume":"106","author":"Perez-Campos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB16","unstructured":"Singh, S.\n           (2005). Source spectrum and radiated energy from the Great Sumatra Earthquakes of December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005, in Abstracts of the AGU Chapman Conference on Radiated Energy and the Physics of Earthquake Faulting, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., p. 14."},{"key":"2022091421485654200_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B05302","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JB002549","article-title":"Observational constraints on the fracture energy of subduction zone earthquakes","volume":"109","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."}],"container-title":["Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/ssa\/bssa\/article-pdf\/97\/1A\/S18\/5698704\/s18_971a_05623.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/ssa\/bssa\/article-pdf\/97\/1A\/S18\/5698704\/s18_971a_05623.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T21:49:20Z","timestamp":1663192160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/bssa\/article\/97\/1A\/S18\/146582\/The-Energy-Radiated-by-the-26-December-2004"},"secondary":[{"URL":"http:\/\/bssa.geoscienceworld.org\/cgi\/doi\/10.1785\/0120050623","label":"geoscienceworld"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1A","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1785\/0120050623","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-3573","0037-1106"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-3573","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0037-1106","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]}}}