{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:31:48Z","timestamp":1793640708436,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":null,"issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,13]],"date-time":"2019-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/lib.ossn.ru\/jour\/about\/editorialPolicies#openAccessPolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Kardiologiia"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ghrelin is a multifunctional peptide hormone, mainly synthesized by P \/ D1 cells of the stomach fundus mucosa. Its basic effect, which\u00a0is realized via GHS-R1 \u03b1 receptor in the arcuate and the ventromedial nucleuses of hypothalamus, is stimulation of the synthesis of pituitary\u00a0hormones. Ghrelin is involved in control of appetite and energy balance, regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, cell\u00a0proliferation and apoptosis, as well as modulation of functioning of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, pulmonary and immune systems.\u00a0It was found that cardiomyocytes are able to synthesize ghrelin. High concentrations of GHS-R1\u03b1 in the heart and major blood vessels\u00a0evidence for its possible participation in functioning of cardiovascular system. Ghrelin inhibits apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and\u00a0endothelial cells, and improves the functioning of the left ventricle (LV) after injury of ischemia-reperfusion mechanism. In rats with\u00a0heart failure (HF) ghrelin improves LV function and attenuates development of cardiac cachexia. In addition, ghrelin exerts vasodilatory\u00a0effects in humans, improves cardiac function and reduces peripheral vascular resistance in patients with chronic HF. The review\u00a0contains of the predictive value of ghrelin in the development and prevention of cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18087\/cardio.2019.3.10220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T05:07:35Z","timestamp":1555391255000},"page":"60-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Ghrelin Physiology and Pathophysiology: Focus on the Cardiovascular System"],"prefix":"10.68900","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"O. V.","family":"Gruzdeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases Kemerovo State Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. A.","family":"Borodkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kemerovo regional clinical hospital named after S. V. Belyaeva"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. V.","family":"Belik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O. E.","family":"Akbasheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siberian State Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. I.","family":"Palicheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases Kemerovo State Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O. L.","family":"Barbarash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases Kemerovo State Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":null,"published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kojima M., Hosoda H., Date Y. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999;402(6762):656\u2013660. DOI: 10.1038\/45230","DOI":"10.1038\/45230"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref2.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.032482","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.032482"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Tereshchenko I.V., Kashyuev P.E. Ghrelin and its role in health and disease. Therapeutic archive 2013;4:98\u2013101. Russian."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato T., Nakamura Y., Shiimura Y. et al. Structure, regulation and function of ghrelin. J Biochemistry 2011;51(2):119\u2013128. DOI: 10.1093\/jb\/mvr134","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvr134"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref5.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1111\/nmo.12870","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12870"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref6.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1515\/ijdhd.2000.1.4.231","DOI":"10.1515\/IJDHD.2000.1.4.231"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabra A., Soto E.J., Epelbaum J., Perell\u00f3 M. Is ghrelin synthesized in the central nervous system? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 8:638\u2013656. DOI: 10.3390\/ijms18030638","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030638"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Harris J. L., Ortiz M. S., Overmyer M. D., Stokes M. J. U.S. Patent No. 8,585,628. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office; 2013."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sessenwein J.L., Lomax A.E. Ghrelin receptors as targets for novel motility drugs. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 2015;27(5):589\u2013593. DOI: 10.1111\/nmo.12562","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12562"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cervone D.T., Dyck D.J. Ghrelin and the regulation of peripheral tissue metabolism. The FASEB J 2017;31(1):1084.1\u20131084.1.","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.31.1_supplement.1084.1"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirienkova E. V., Litvinova L. S., Seledtsov V. I. et al. Metabolic and cardiovascular effects of ghrelin. Obesity and metabolism 2012;1:3\u20138. Russian.","DOI":"10.14341\/2071-8713-5048"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvat E., Maccario, M., Di Vito L. et al. Endocrine activities of ghrelin, a natural growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), in humans: comparison and interactions with hexarelin, a nonnatural peptidyl GHS, and GH-releasing hormone. J Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2001;86(3):1169\u20131174. DOI: 10.1210\/jcem.86.3.7314","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.3.7314"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKee K.K., Palyha O.C., Feighner S.D. Molecular analysis of rat pituitary and hypothalamic growth hormone secretagogue receptors. Molecular Endocrinology 1997;11(4):415\u2013423. doi.org\/10.1210\/mend.11.4.9908","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.4.9908"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takaya K., Ariyasu H., Kanamoto N. et al. Ghrelin strongly stimulates growth hormone release in humans. J Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2000;85(12):4908\u20134911. DOI: 10.1210\/jcem.85.12.7167","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.12.7167"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Volkov V.P. New pancreatic hormones: ghrelin. Universum: medicine and pharmacology 2014;12:13. Russian."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kojima M., Hosoda H., Matsuo H. et al. Ghrelin: discovery of the natural endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 2001;12(3):118\u2013122. DOI: 10.1016\/s1043-2760(00)00362-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(00)00362-3"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu J.T., & Kral J.G. Ghrelin: integrative neuroendocrine peptide in health and disease. Ann Surg 2004;239:464\u2013474. DOI: 10.1097\/01.sla.0000118561.54919.61","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000118561.54919.61"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref18.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Sanger G.J., Furness J.B. Ghrelin and motilin receptors as drug targets for gastrointestinal disorders. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2015;13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.163"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref18.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.163","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.163"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Bugescu R., Brown J. A., Mayer T. et al. Loss of Leprb Expression in Lateral Hypothalamic Neurotensin Neurons Disrupts Adaptive Behavioral Responses to Leptin and Ghrelin. Hormone and Nutrient Regulation of Body Weight: Basic Mechanisms. Endocrine Society 2014;35(3)."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabrera O., Berman D.M., Kenyon N.S. et al. The unique cytoarchitecture of human pancreatic islets has implications for islet cell function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006;103(7):2334\u20132339. DOI: 10.1073\/pnas.0510790103","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510790103"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao Y., Tang J., Yang T. et al. Cardioprotective effect of ghrelin in cardiopulmonary bypass involves a reduction in inflammatory response. PLoS One 2013;8(1)e55021. DOI: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0055021","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055021"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref22.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.14341\/2071-8713-5048","DOI":"10.14341\/2071-8713-5048"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Verin V.K., Ivanov V.V. Hormones and their effects: handbook. SPb.: Folio 2011; 136. Russian."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller T.D., Nogueiras R., Andermann M.L. Ghrelin. Molecular metabolism 2015;4(6):437\u2013460.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2015.03.005"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref25.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1111\/bph.12449","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12449"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lilleness B.M., Frishman W.H. Ghrelin and the Cardiovascular System. Cardiology in Review 2016;24(6):288\u2013297. DOI: 10.1097\/crd.0000000000000113","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000113"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref27.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.4103\/1995-705x.144792","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-705X.144792"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khatib M.N., Shankar A., Kirubakaran R. et al. Effect of ghrelin on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in experimental rat and mice models of heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One 2015;10(5):e0126697. DOI: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0126697","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126697"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Yang P. Commentary on the effects of ghrelin on the body weight, body composition, and cardiovascular function in experimental rat models of heart failure: A systematic review. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2015;8(4):81."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao Y., Tokudome T., Kishimoto I. Ghrelin and Blood Pressure Regulation. Current hypertension reports 2016;18(2):1\u20136. DOI: 10.1007\/s11906-015-0622-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-015-0622-5"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruzdeva O., Uchasova E., Belik E. et al. Lipid, adipokine and ghrelin levels in myocardial infarction patients with insulin resistance. BMC cardiovascular disorders 2014;14(1):7. DOI: 10.1186\/1471-2261-14-7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-14-7"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virdis A., Lerman L., Regoli F. et al. Human ghrelin: a gastric hormone with cardiovascular properties. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016;22(1):52\u201358. DOI: 10.2174\/1381612822666151119144458","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666151119144458"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref33.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2014","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2014"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiley K.E., Davenport A.P. Comparison of vasodilators in human internal mammary artery: ghrelin is a potent physiological antagonist of endothelin-1. Br J Pharmacol 2002;136(8):1146\u20131152. DOI: 10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704815","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704815"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagaya N., Miyatake K., Uematsu M. et al. Hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal effects of ghrelin infusion in patients with chronic heart failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(12):5854\u20135859. DOI: 10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8115","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8115"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref36.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44. Granata R., Isgaard J., Alloatti G. et al. Cardiovascular actions of the ghrelingene-derived peptides and growth hormonereleasing hormone. Experimental Biology and Medicine 2011;236","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2011.010365"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref36.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1258\/ebm.2011.010365","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2011.010365"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virdis A., Taddei S. Endothelial dysfunction in resistance arteries of hypertensive humans: old and new conspirators. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 2016;67(6):451\u2013457. DOI: 10.1097\/fjc.0000000000000362","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000362"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattu H.S., Randeva H.S Role of adipokines in cardiovascular disease. Journal of endocrinology 2013;216(1):T17\u2013T36. DOI: 10.1530\/joe-12-0232","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-12-0232"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref39.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00193.2004","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00193.2004"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref40.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00570.2006","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00570.2006"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu Z., Lin S., Wu W. et al. Ghrelin prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through TNF-alpha\/NF-kappaB pathways and mitochondrial protective mechanisms. Toxicology 2008;247(2\u20133):133\u2013138. DOI: 10.1016\/j.tox.2008.02.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2008.02.018"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref42.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2009.10.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2009.10.008"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tesauro M., Schinzari F., Rovella V. et al. Ghrelin restores the endothelin 1\/nitric oxide balance in patients with obesity-related metabolic syndrome. Hypertension 2009;54(5):995\u20131000. DOI: 10.1161\/hypertensionaha.109.137729","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.137729"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref44.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.09.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.09.014"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grossini E., Molinari C., Mary D.A. et al. Intracoronary ghrelin infusion decreases coronary blood flow in anesthetized pigs. Endocrinology 2007;148:806\u2013812.","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1230"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref46.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.06.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.06.011"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlasova M.A., J\u00e4rvinen K., Herzig K.-H. Cardiovascular effects of ghrelin antagonist in conscious rats. Regul Pept 2009;156(1\u20133):72\u201376. DOI: 10.1016\/j.regpep.2009.04.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2009.04.016"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin Y., Matsumura K., Fukuhara M. et al. Ghrelin acts at the nucleus of the solitary tract to decrease arterial pressure in rats. Hypertension 2004;43(5):977\u2013982. DOI: 10.1161\/01.hyp.0000122803.91559.55","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000122803.91559.55"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumura K., Tsuchihashi T., Fujii K. et al. Central ghrelin modulates sympathetic activity in conscious rabbits. Hypertension 2002;40(5):694\u2013699. DOI: 10.1161\/01.hyp.0000035395.51441.10","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000035395.51441.10"},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Wilson D.T., Borow K., Kloner R.A. et al. Methods for the prevention or treatment of no-reflow following ischemia\/reperfusion injury. Patent No. 9,345,738. 24 May 2016."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Locatelli V., Rossoni G., Schweiger F. et al. Growth hormone-independent cardioprotective effects of hexarelin in the rat. Endocrinology 1999;140(9):4024\u20134031. DOI: 10.1210\/endo.140.9.6948","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.9.6948"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref52.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"66. Rossoni G., Locatelli V., de Gennaro Colonna V et al. Hexarelin, a growth hormone secretagogue, protects the isolated rat heart from ventricular dysfunction produced by exposure to calcium-free medium. Pharmacological research 2000;42","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2000.0665"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref52.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1006\/phrs.2000.0665","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2000.0665"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frascarelli S., Ghelardoni S., Ronca-Testoni S. et al. Effect of ghrelin and synthetic growth hormone secretagogues in normal and ischemic rat heart. Basic Res Cardiol 2003;98:401\u2013405. DOI: 10.1007\/s00395-003-0434-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-003-0434-7"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mrak E., Casati L., Pagani F. et al. Ghrelin increases beta-catenin level through protein kinase A activation and regulates OPG expression in rat primary osteoblasts. International journal of endocrinology 2015. DOI: 10.1155\/2015\/547473","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/547473"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang L., Ren Y., Liu X. et al. Protective Effects of Ghrelin on Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury in the Isolated Rat Heart. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2004;43(2):165\u2013170. DOI: 10.1097\/00005344-200402000-00001","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200402000-00001"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref56.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00643.2007","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00643.2007"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virdis A., O. Lerman L., Regoli F. et al. Human ghrelin: A gastric hormone with cardiovascular properties. Current pharmaceutical design 2016;22(1):52\u201358. DOI: 10.2174\/1381612822666151119144458","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666151119144458"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref58.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1210\/en.2008-0472","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0472"},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"Barbarash O.L., Gruzdeva O.V., Akbasheva O.E. et al. Features of action of statins at treatment research institute patients with myocardial infarction. Doctor Ru 2014;4:18\u201324 Russian."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldanzi G., Filigheddu N., Cutrupi S. et al. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1\/2 and PI 3-kinase\/ AKT. J Cell Biol 2002;159:1029\u20131037. DOI: 10.1083\/jcb.200207165","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200207165"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheyuo C., Wu R., Zhou M. et al. Ghrelin suppresses inflammation and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in focal cerebral ischemia via the vagus nerve. Shock 2010;35:258\u2013265. DOI: 10.1097\/shk.0b013e3181f48a37","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181f48a37"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref62.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"79. Lear P.V., Iglesias M.J., Feij??o-Band??n S. et al. Des-acyl ghrelin has specific binding sites and different metabolic effects from ghrelin in cardiomyocytes. Endocrinology 2009;151","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1205"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref62.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1210\/en.2009-1205","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1205"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref63.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01042.2004","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01042.2004"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li W.G., Gavrila D., Liu X. et al. Ghrelin inhibits proinflammatory responses and nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human endothelial cells. Circulation 2004;109:2221\u20132226. DOI: 10.1161\/01.CIR.0000127956.43874.F2","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000127956.43874.F2"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref65.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2009.03.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2009.03.024"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang C.-X., Yuan M.-J., Huang H. et al. Ghrelin inhibits postinfarct myocardial remodeling and improves cardiac function through anti-inflammation effect. Peptides 2009;30:2286\u20132291. DOI: 10.1016\/j.peptides.2009.09.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2009.09.004"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferens D.M., Yin L., Bron R. et al. Functional and in situ hybridization evidence that preganglionic sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurons express ghrelin receptors. Neuroscience 2010;166:671\u2013679. DOI: 10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.01.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.01.001"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soeki T., Kishimoto I., Schwenke D.O. et al. Ghrelin suppresses cardiac sympathetic activity and prevents early left ventricular remodeling in rats with myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008;294:H426\u2013H432. DOI: 10.1152\/ajpheart.00643.2007","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00643.2007"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun M., Dawood F., Wen W.H. et al. Excessive tumor necrosis factor activation after infarction contributes to susceptibility of myocardial rupture and left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2004;110:3221\u20133228.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000147233.10318.23"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref70.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.09.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.09.001"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagaya N., Moriya J., Yasumura Y. et al. Effects of ghrelin administration on left ventricular function, exercise capacity, and muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2004;110(24):3674\u20133679. DOI: 10.1161\/01.cir.0000149746.62908.bb","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000149746.62908.BB"}],"container-title":["Kardiologiia"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/lib.ossn.ru\/jour\/article\/viewFile\/569\/388","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:16:33Z","timestamp":1793639793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cardio.elpub.ru\/jour\/article\/view\/569"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,13]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18087\/cardio.2019.3.10220","relation":{},"ISSN":["2412-5660","0022-9040"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2412-5660","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-9040","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,13]]}}}