{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:48:25Z","timestamp":1792172905066,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Knowledge Enterprise Journals","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MRAJ"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Five-year survival rate for pancreatic cancer patients has increased to 12.8% after the initial diagnosis, still making it one of the deadliest cancer types. This disease is known as the \u201csilent killer\u201d because early detection is challenging due to the location of the pancreas in the body and the nonspecific clinical symptoms. The Bossmann group has developed ultrasensitive nanobiosensors for protease\/arginase detection comprised of Fe\/Fe3O4 nanoparticles, cyanine 5.5, and designer peptide sequences linked to TCPP. Initial data obtained from both gene expression analysis and protease\/arginase activity detection in serum indicated the feasibility of early pancreatic cancer detection. Several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs, -1, -3, and -9), cathepsins (CTS) B and E, neutrophil elastase, and urokinase plaminogen activator (uPA) have been identified as candidates for proximal biomarkers. In this study, we have confirmed our initial results from 2018 performing serum sample analysis assays using a larger group sample size (n=159), which included localized (n=33) and metastatic pancreatic cancer (n=50), pancreatitis (n=26), and an age-matched healthy control group (n=50). The data obtained from the eight nanobiosensors capable of ultrasensitive protease and arginase activity measurements were analyzed by means of an optimized information fusion-based hierarchical decision structure. This permits the modeling of early-stage detection of pancreatic cancer as a multi-class classification problem. The most striking result is that this methodology permits the detection of localized pancreatic cancers from serum analyses with around 96% accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v12i7.5632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T16:45:16Z","timestamp":1722530716000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protease activity-based nanobiosensors for early detection of pancreatic cancer"],"prefix":"10.18103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Obdulia Covarrubias-","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, KS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepesh","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madumali","family":"Kalubowilage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumia","family":"Ehsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asanka S.","family":"Yapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Covarrubias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anup","family":"Kasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, KS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balasubramaniam","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan H.","family":"Bossmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, KS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7483","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"container-title":["Medical Research Archives"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/esmed.org\/MRA\/mra\/article\/download\/5632\/99193548206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esmed.org\/MRA\/mra\/article\/download\/5632\/99193548206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:04:23Z","timestamp":1792170263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esmed.org\/MRA\/mra\/article\/view\/5632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18103\/mra.v12i7.5632","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-1924","2375-1916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-1924","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2375-1916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]}}}