{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:17:45Z","timestamp":1790709465297,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AIM: To collect and present updated evidence about epidemiological aspects of retinoblastoma (Rb) in the world.\nMETHODS: A comprehensive search without the time and language restrictions was conducted in international databases, including MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. The search keywords were \u201cretinoblastoma\u201d OR \u201cretinal Neuroblastoma\u201d OR \u201cretinal glioma\u201d OR \u201cretinoblastoma eye cancer\u201d OR \u201cretinal glioblastoma\u201d.\nRESULTS: The worldwide incidence of Rb is 1 in 16 000-28 000 live births, but was higher in developing compared to developed countries. Several attempts for improving early detection and treatment had increased the Rb survival rate from 5% to 90% in developed countries over the past decade, but its survival was lower in developing countries (about 40% in low-income countries) and the majority of mortalities occurred in developing countries. The etiology of Rb could be viewed as genetics in the heritable form and environmental and lifestyle factors in the sporadic form. Some environmental risk factors such as in vitro fertilization; insect sprays; father\u2019s occupational exposure to oil mists in metal working, and poor living conditions might play a role in the occurrence of the disease. Although ethnicity might affect Rb incidence, sex has no documented effect and the best treatment approaches were now ophthalmic artery chemosurgery and intravitreal chemotherapy.\nCONCLUSION: Determining the role of genetics and environmental factors helps to accurately predict the prognosis and identify the mechanism of the disease, which can reduce the risk of tumor development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2023.06.20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T07:39:11Z","timestamp":1685432351000},"page":"962-968","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Epidemiological aspect of retinoblastoma in the world: a review of recent advance studies"],"prefix":"10.18240","volume":"16","author":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children&#x2019;s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1968653111, Iran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leili","family":"Koochakzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran 1983963113, Iran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Pakzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Heydarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4818893813, Iran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Khabazkhoob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1968653111, Iran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7543","container-title":["International Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ies.ijo.cn\/en_publish\/2023\/6\/20230620.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T07:39:40Z","timestamp":1685432380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ies.ijo.cn\/gjyken\/ch\/reader\/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20230620&flag=1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18240\/ijo.2023.06.20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2222-3959","2227-4898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2222-3959","type":"print"},{"value":"2227-4898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]]}}}