{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T04:12:36Z","timestamp":1783829556433,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AIM: To evaluate alterations in conjunctival vascular density (CVD) and macular capillary density (MCD) in female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).\nMETHODS: A total of 60 female participants were recruited, comprising 20 patients with T2DM, 20 patients with GDM, and 20 healthy age-matched controls (HCs). OCTA was used to assess superficial and deep retinal and conjunctival capillary plexuses. Subsequently, changes in MCD were analyzed using a circular segmentation method (C1-C6), a hemispheric quadrant segmentation method [superior right (SR), superior left (SL), inferior left (IL), and inferior right (IR)], and the early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) segmentation method (S, I, R, L).\nRESULTS: OCTA unequivocally demonstrated that the variations in CVD among HCs, T2DM, and GDM groups were statistically significant (P&lt;0.001). In the superficial retinal capillary plexus (sRCP), significant differences were observed in the densities of total microvascular (TMI), microvasculature (MIR), and macrovascular (MAR) between patients with T2DM and HCs (P&lt;0.05). Furthermore, the GDM group exhibited a more substantial reduction in MIR density compared to the T2DM group (P&lt;0.01). In the deep retinal capillary plexus (dRCP), significant differences in the densities of TMI and MIR were identified between the T2DM group and HCs (P&lt;0.05), with a notable difference in TMI density also observed between the GDM and T2DM groups (P&lt;0.01). In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for TMI in sRCP between the T2DM group and HCs was 0.975, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.941\u20131. The AUC for MIR was highest in dRCP, with an AUC value of 0.914 and a 95%CI ranging from 0.847 to 0.981. In comparing the GDM and T2DM groups, the AUC for I region was maximized in sRCP, achieving a value of 0.978 with a 95%CI of 0.953\u20131. Additionally, the AUC for R region was maximized in dRCP, reaching a value of 0.99 with a 95%CI of 0.975 to 1.\nCONCLUSION: The sRCP and dRCP densities show higher diagnostic sensitivity for T2DM and GDM. OCTA holds potential as a significant instrument for the early diagnosis and differentiation of T2DM and GDM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2025.03.10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T07:52:31Z","timestamp":1740037951000},"page":"435-448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in retinal capillary density in female with type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes\u2014an analysis based on OCTA technology"],"prefix":"10.18240","volume":"18","author":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changde Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (the First People&#x2019;s Hospital of Changde City), Changde 415000, Hunan Province, China","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian-Mei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology of Affiliated Hospital and Ophthalmology &amp; Optometry of Medical School, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology of Affiliated Hospital and Ophthalmology &amp; Optometry of Medical School, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Yu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang-Qi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Ophthalmology Centre of Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200MS, Limburg Provincie, the Netherlands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology of Affiliated Hospital and Ophthalmology &amp; Optometry of Medical School, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-Man","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7543","container-title":["International Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ies.ijo.cn\/en_publish\/2025\/3\/20250310.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T07:52:45Z","timestamp":1740037965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ies.ijo.cn\/gjyken\/ch\/reader\/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20250310&flag=1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18240\/ijo.2025.03.10","relation":{},"ISSN":["2222-3959","2227-4898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2222-3959","type":"print"},{"value":"2227-4898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]}}}