{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:21:55Z","timestamp":1792790515993,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AIM: To assess the performance of five distinct large language models (LLMs; ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, PaLM2, Claude 2, and SenseNova) in comparison to two human cohorts (a group of funduscopic disease experts and a group of ophthalmologists) on the specialized subject of funduscopic disease.\nMETHODS: Five distinct LLMs and two distinct human groups independently completed a 100-item funduscopic disease test. The performance of these entities was assessed by comparing their average scores, response stability, and answer confidence, thereby establishing a basis for evaluation.\nRESULTS: Among all the LLMs, ChatGPT-4 and PaLM2 exhibited the most substantial average correlation. Additionally, ChatGPT-4 achieved the highest average score and demonstrated the utmost confidence during the exam. In comparison to human cohorts, ChatGPT-4 exhibited comparable performance to ophthalmologists, albeit falling short of the expertise demonstrated by funduscopic disease specialists.\nCONCLUSION: The study provides evidence of the exceptional performance of ChatGPT-4 in the domain of funduscopic disease. With continued enhancements, validated LLMs have the potential to yield unforeseen advantages in enhancing healthcare for both patients and physicians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2025.07.03","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T07:17:27Z","timestamp":1750403847000},"page":"1205-1213","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessing the proficiency of large language models on funduscopic disease knowledge"],"prefix":"10.18240","volume":"18","author":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan 430033, Hubei Province, China","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian-Zhe","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Yu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Ophthalmology Centre of Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200MS, Limburg, Netherlands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7543","container-title":["International Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ies.ijo.cn\/en_publish\/2025\/7\/20250703.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T07:17:28Z","timestamp":1750403848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ies.ijo.cn\/gjyken\/ch\/reader\/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20250703&flag=1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18240\/ijo.2025.07.03","relation":{},"ISSN":["2222-3959","2227-4898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2222-3959","type":"print"},{"value":"2227-4898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]}}}