{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:11:05Z","timestamp":1791303065537,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of combining patching with active vision therapy, compared to patching with placebo training on contrast sensitivity (CS) in pediatric participants with bilateral refractive amblyopia.\nMETHODS: In this double-blind, clinical trial, 43 participants aged 5\u20138 with bilateral refractive amblyopia, unresponsive to spectacles, were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (active vision therapy plus patching) or the control group (placebo treatment with patching) for four months. Active therapy included anti-suppression, accommodative, vergence, and visual memory exercises. CS was measured at baseline and after four months, serving as key outcome measures.\nRESULTS: Forty participants (20 in each group) completed the study. The mean age for the experimental group (5 males) was 6.10\u00b10.84y, and 6.50\u00b11.15y for the control group (11 males). CS in the experimental group improved by 0.10 log (right eye), 0.14 log (left eye), and 0.07 log binocularly (P\u22640.03). The control group showed no statistically significant enhancements in monocular or binocular CS (P\u22650.07). Compared to the control group, the experimental group demonstrated a rate of change in monocular CS of 0.05 during follow-up time.\nCONCLUSION: Active vision therapy leads to significant and accelerates improvements in CS among children with bilateral refractive amblyopia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2026.08.13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T03:06:34Z","timestamp":1784171194000},"page":"1550-1555","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of active vision therapy on contrast sensitivity in bilateral amblyopia"],"prefix":"10.18240","volume":"19","author":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 16169-13111, Iran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cirous","family":"Dehghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Discipline of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Jafarzadehpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haleh","family":"Kangari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 16169-13111, Iran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"SUNY College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Talebnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Reza Akbarzadeh","family":"Baghban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Proteomics Research Center, Department of Biostatistics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19716-53313, Iran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enayatollah","family":"Osroosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 16169-13111, Iran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7543","container-title":["International Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijo.cn\/gjyken\/article\/pdf\/20260813","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T03:06:59Z","timestamp":1784171219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijo.cn\/gjyken\/article\/abstract\/20260813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18240\/ijo.2026.08.13","relation":{},"ISSN":["2222-3959","2227-4898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2222-3959","type":"print"},{"value":"2227-4898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}}}