{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T08:21:42Z","timestamp":1789114902777,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AIM: To investigate clinical characteristics, comorbidities, seasonal onset, and antihypertensive medication use among acute primary angle-closure (APAC), chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma (CPACG), and primary angle-closure suspect (PACS) patients.\nMETHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study of 484 Chinese patients was conducted. Baseline demographics, hypertension and diabetes prevalence, antihypertensive medication use, and seasonal onset patterns were compared across primary angle-closure disease (PACD) subtypes. Seasonal variation was assessed using the von Mises distribution, with subgroup analyses stratified by systemic conditions and medication use.\nRESULTS: CPACG patients were older (median 71 vs 67y in APAC, P&lt;0.001) with higher hypertension (47.74% vs 31.16%, P=0.003) and diabetes prevalence (20.60% vs 10.05%, P=0.014). Multivariate analysis showed hypertension [odds ratio (OR)=1.85] and diabetes (OR=2.00) were significant predictors of CPACG vs APAC. A modest but significant seasonal peak of APAC onset was identified in early June. Subgroup analyses revealed significant shifts in seasonal patterns according to hypertension (P=0.023), diabetes (P&lt;0.001), and calcium channel blocker (CCB) use (P=0.025). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) use was absent in APAC patients but present in CPACG and PACS groups; CCB use was highest in APAC patients, though differences were not statistically significant.\nCONCLUSION: Vascular and metabolic comorbidities are more prevalent in CPACG than APAC, suggesting their role in CPACG pathogenesis. The early-summer peak in disease onset points to possible environmental triggers. Seasonal variation in APAC onset appears to be influenced by systemic vascular conditions and antihypertensive medication use, supporting a multifactorial interaction between environmental, systemic, and pharmacologic factors in APAC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2026.10.14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T07:25:34Z","timestamp":1789111534000},"page":"1994-2002","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systemic comorbidities, seasonal onset, and antihypertensive medication use in primary angle-closure disease subtypes"],"prefix":"10.18240","volume":"19","author":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People&#x2019;s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian-Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People&#x2019;s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Qiao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People&#x2019;s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People&#x2019;s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Kuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People&#x2019;s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People&#x2019;s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Juan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People&#x2019;s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7543","container-title":["International Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijo.cn\/gjyken\/article\/pdf\/20261014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T07:25:38Z","timestamp":1789111538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijo.cn\/gjyken\/article\/abstract\/20261014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18240\/ijo.2026.10.14","relation":{},"ISSN":["2222-3959","2227-4898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2222-3959","type":"print"},{"value":"2227-4898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]}}}